892 
TEN 
TENGO, a cape of Italy, on the east coast of the kingdom 
of Naples. Lat. 41. 47. N. long. 16. 10. E. 
TENG-TCHOUEN, a town of China, of the second rank, 
in Yunan. Lat. 26. 2. N. long. 99. 49. E. 
TENGUE, a river of Quito, in the province of Guayaquil, 
which enters the Pacific Ocean, in the gulf of Guayaquil, 
opposite the island of Puna. 
TENGUILEN, a small river of Chili, in the district of 
Guadalabquen, which runs south-south-east. 
TENJO, a settlement of New Granada, in Bogota, con¬ 
taining 200 housekeepers, and 100 Indians. 
TEN JURISDICTIONS, League of the, the name of 
one of three districts or leagues, into which the Swiss canton 
of the Grisons is divided. It occupies the north part of the 
canton, and contains about 15,000 inhabitants. Notwith¬ 
standing its name, it consists of only seven jurisdictions, of 
which six and a half are inhabited by German Calvinists; 
the remaining half belongs to Catholics of Italian descent. 
TENIERS (David), the elder, was born at Antwerp in 
1582. He received his education in painting in the school 
of Rubens, and under that great artist’s immediate tuition 
obtained the mode of preparing his grounds, and managing 
his materials. Intending to continue the study of historic 
painting, he went to Rome; but there abandoned it, and 
attached himself to his countryman, Adam Elsheimer, under 
whom he continued for six years to study landscape, and 
from him most probably acquired the neatness of penciling 
for which his works are esteemed. 
On his return to his native country, he blended the styles 
of both his masters, and employed the compound in a novel 
and ingenious manner, upon subjects original and at the 
same time agreeable; such as merry-makings, both interior 
and at the doors of cabarets; rural sports, cattle, sheep, and 
those who tended them; numerous groups and grotesque 
combinations;/such as the temptation of St. Anthony, &c. 
For pictures of these kinds, he was fortunate enough to find 
admirers and purchasers ; and they would still have been the 
theme of admiration, had not his son, following the same 
track, have proved how possible it was to proceed infinitely 
farther. He died in 1649, aged sixty-seven. 
TENIERS (David), the younger, son of the foregoing 
artist, was born at Antwerp in 1610, and was initiated in 
the art of painting by his father ; but he afterwards became 
a disciple of Adrian Brauwer, and is also said to have had 
the happiness and honour of receiving instructions from Ru¬ 
bens. The subjects and the style he adopted were, as we 
have said, the same with those employed by his father; but 
with a more fertile imagination, he produced compositions 
infinitely more varied and ingenious, with colouring and 
effect more vivid and engaging, more rich and transparent; 
and with a facility of execution perfectly enchanting. It is 
true they seldom exhibit much research of character or ex¬ 
pression ; what there may be of those qualities, was more 
probably a fortunate hit, than any result of meditation or 
intention. In this respect Jan Stein, and our own Wilkie 
have as much the superiority over Teniers, as he possesses by 
the power of his execution. 
At the first display of his powers he was not so successful 
as he merited, but it was not long that he lay neglected : the 
archduke Leopold, being made acquainted with his merits, 
immediately distinguished him by his patronage ; appointed 
him his principal painter; honoured him by making him a 
gentleman of his bed-chamber; presented him with a chain 
of gold, to which his portrait was affixed; and gave him the 
superintendence of his gallery of pictures, which contained 
works of the most distinguished masters of the Italian and 
Flemish schools. Of this gallery, Teniers made several pic¬ 
tures, in which he imitated the manners of the various mas¬ 
ters so successfully, as to obtain the name of the Proteus of 
painting. He also amused himself by making compositions 
in the styles of different painters of renown, as Titian, Tin¬ 
toretto, the Bassans, Rubens, &c., and in their execution 
endeavoured to imitate the touch of those great men. These 
imitations are generally known under the name of pasticcios. 
TEN 
and have frequently been mistaken for originals, and sold as 
such. 
These were the amusements or indulgencies of idle fancy ; 
his fame rests for more full and honourable support upon his 
original productions in his own proper style. He was a con¬ 
stant and faithful observer of nature; and in his favourite 
subjects, village festivals, fairs, and merry-makings, he has 
exhibited, with a most engaging freedom, the manners and 
characters of his countrymen. That he might conveniently 
mingle with the scenes he chose to represent, he established 
himself in the village of Perk, between Antwerp and Mech¬ 
lin, and there, wiih a painter’s eye, he observed the undis¬ 
guised impulse of the natural character of the lower class 
among the people, and has left many beautiful and pleasing 
remembrances of occurrences uninteresting, nay sometimes 
disgusting in themselves, but rendered engaging by his de¬ 
lightful mode of representing them. One peculiar charm 
there is to be found in the best pictures of Teniers more per¬ 
fectly obtained than in the works of other artists, and that 
is, the complete effect of atmosphere, silvery, pure, and na¬ 
tural. Claude de Lorraine himself does not surpass him; and 
this truth, though yielded on simple materials, in scenes flat 
and insipid in their forms, yet makes amends for their natural 
want of interest by its truth and simplicity. 
In the interior of apartments, of the cottage, the cabaret, 
the guard-room, or chemist’s laboratory, he is not less ad¬ 
mirable by his clearness and precision than in his exteriors. 
He surpassed Ostade in his knowledge of perspective, and 
in his freedom, as much as he is excelled by the latter in 
truth of tone and completion of character. His pencil is ex¬ 
ceedingly light and dexterous; and by continual practice 
upon the same system, he had acquired a promptness almost 
unparalleled. This freedom of execution enabled him to paint 
an immense number of pictures: it was not unusual for him 
to finish a picture in a day; and he used jocosely to observe, 
that to contain all the pictures he had painted, it would be 
necessary to have a gallery two leagues long. He not unfre- 
quently assisted the landscape painters of his day, by putting 
figures into their pictures: and many works of Artois, Van 
Uden, Breughel, and many others, owe an increased value to 
this circumstance. His works are numerous in the collec¬ 
tions of this country, and still bear very high prices. Teniers 
lived to the advanced age of eighty-four, and died at Brussels 
in 1694. 
He had a younger brother named Abraham, who also 
painted the same kind of subjects in the same style, and from 
this circumstance his works are sometimes mistaken for 
those of David, though they are much inferior in taste and 
execution. 
TENMENTALE, or Tenmantale, in our ancient 
customs, originally signifies the number of ten men, which 
number, in the time of the English Saxons, was called a 
decennary; and ten decennaries made what we call an 
hundred. 
These ten men were bound for each other to preserve the 
public peace; and if any of them was found guilty of a 
breach of it, the other nine were either to make satisfaction, 
or to bring the criminal before the king. 
Texmentale was also used for a duty, or tribute paid 
to the king, consisting of two shillings for each plough-land; 
probably thus called, because each person of the decennary 
was bound to see it paid. 
TENNE', Tenny, or Tawny, in Heraldry, a bright co¬ 
lour, made of red and yellow mixed; sometimes also called 
brusk, and expressed in engraving by diagonal lines drawn 
from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield, traversed by 
perpendicular lines from the chief; and marked with the 
letter T. 
In the coats of all below the degree of nobles, it is called 
tenny ; but in those of nobles, it is called hyacinth ; and, 
in princes’ coats, the dragon's head. 
TENNESBERG, a large village of Bavaria, in the Upper 
Palatinate; 37 miles north-by-east of Ratisbon, and 7 east of 
Pfreimt. Population 800. 
TENNESSEE, 
