968 
T I A 
THYNNIA [Sr/mas, Gr.], a sacrifice offered to Neptune 
by the fishermen, after a plentiful draught. It comes from 
Srvvvot;, a tunny, that being the sacrifice offered. 
THYNNUS, a genus of the Hymenoptera order of insects: 
the characters of which are, that the.-mouth is horny ; the 
mandible bent, with a short jaw, straight; the lip larger 
than the jaws, with the apex membranaceous; trifid; the 
intermediate fringes emarginate; the tongue very short or 
folded ; the four palpi filiform and equal; the antenna: fili¬ 
form. Gmelin enumerates three species. 
1. Thynnus dentatus.—With black abdomen ; the second, 
third, and fourth segments marked with two white points.— 
Found in New Holland. 
2. Thynnus emarginatus.—With black abdomen, the seg¬ 
ments having a yellow interrupted band; the scutellum 
emarginate.—Found in New Holland. 
3. Thynnus integer.—Black, with the segments of the 
abdomen villose-cinereous at the margin, and the anus entire. 
—Found in New Holland. 
THYOS [0uo£, Gr.], an offering of fruits,leaves, or acorns, 
which were the only sacrifices at first in use. 
THYROID [thyroideus, or more properly thyreoideus, 
from the Gr. Sypeoe<8>;?, compounded of ^vpeo;, a shield, and 
etlo;,form~\, a name given to one of the cartilages of the 
larynx; to a gland situated near that cartilage; and to the ar¬ 
teries and veins of the gland. See Anatomy. 
THYRSUS [©tiptros, Gr.], the sceptre which the ancient 
poets put in the hands of Bacchus, and with which they 
furnished the Maenades in their Bacchanalia. 
The thyrsus was originally a lance or spear, wrapped up 
in vine leaves; with which Bacchus is said to have armed 
himself and his soldiers in his Indian wars, to amuse and 
deceive the unpracticed Indians, and make them suspect no 
hostilities. 
THYSANOTUS [0v<ram to?, Gr. fringed.'] See Chla- 
MYSPORUM. 
THYSANUS [from &vo-avo?, Gr. a fringe, because of the 
fringed tunic of the seed.] A genus introduced by Loureiro, 
very nearly related to the Cnestis of Jussieu and Willdenow; 
see that article. 
THYSE’LF, pronoun reciprocal. —It is commonly used 
in the oblique cases, or following the verb. 
Come high or low, 
Thyself and office deftly show. Shakspeare. 
In poetical or solemn language it is sometimes used in the 
nominative.—These goods thyself can on thyself bestow. 
Dryden. 
THYSIUS, Thys (Antony), a philologist, was born at 
Leyden, in 1603, and became professor of eloquence and 
poetry in the university of his native city, and public libra¬ 
rian. Besides two or three works of his own, he was the 
editor of several editions of classics called “ Variorum of 
which were “ Valerius Paterculus,” “ Sallust,” “ Valerius 
Maximus,” “ Seneca, the Tragedian,” “ Lactantius,” and 
“ Aulus Gellius.” He died in 1670. 
THYSSAGETiE, a people who inhabited the territory 
near the Sarmatsa, where was the source of the river Tanais. 
Ammianus Marcell inus says, that these people had their 
abode in large forests, and lived by the chace. Their wives 
and children they had, he says, in common. Herodotus 
says they were a numerous nation, and governed by their 
own laws. Hardouin, in his notes on Pliny, says, that they 
inhabited the banks of the Tanais, towards that bend of the 
river where it most nearly approaches the Wolga, and which 
is now the territory of Astrachan. 
TIAHUANACU, or Tiaguanuco, a territory of South 
America, to the south of Cuzco, and to the east of Lake 
Titicaca. 
TIAMANCHU, a river of Quito, in the province of Moxos, 
which runs from south-west to north-east, and enters the 
Marmore, in lat. 14. 13. S. 
TIAN, a river of Honduras, which runs north, and enters 
the Atlantic. 
T I A 
TIANGUISTENGO, a settlement of Mexico, in the in¬ 
tendency of Mexico, which contains 249 families of Indians. 
There is another settlement of this name in Mexico, which 
contains 250 families of Indians. 
TEAR, or Tiara, s . [tiare, Fr.; tiara, Lat. Dr. Johnson. 
s—The Saxons had typ in a similar sense ; and tiar is much 
older than the time of Milton, Dr. Johnson’s earliest autho¬ 
rity.] A dress for the head ; a diadem. 
His back was turn’d, but not his brightness hid ; 
Of beaming sunny rays a golden tiar 
Circled his head. Milton. 
The tiara was at first an ornament, or habit, with which 
the ancient Persians covered their heads ; and which the Ar¬ 
menians and kings of Pontus wear on medals: these last, be¬ 
cause descended from the Persians. 
Latin authors call it indifferently tiara and cidaris. 
Strabo says, the tiari was in form of a tower; and 
the scholiast on Aristophanes’s comedy, A%«pr<js, (act i. 
scene 2,) affirms, that it was adorned with peacock’s feathers. 
Some modems, however, fancy the scholiast is here speaking 
of the casque which the ancient Persians wore in war, 
rather than of the habit which they wore on the head in the 
city. 
The kings of Persia alone had the right of wearing the 
tiara straight and erect; the priests and great lords wore it 
depressed or turned down on the fore-side. Xenophon, in 
his Cyropaedia, says, that the tiara was sometimes encom¬ 
passed with the diadem, at least in ceremonials ; and had 
frequently the figure of a half-moon embroidered on it: 
others are of opinion that the diadem was in figure of a 
moon ; and that it was hence the tiara was called lunata. 
Lastly, others think that the tiara itself was made sometimes 
in form of a half-moon. From what we have said, it appears 
that there were different forms of tiaras ; and in effect. 
Paschalius, De Coronis, distinguishes no less than five dif¬ 
ferent kinds. 
The ancient tiara of the popes was a round high cap.— 
Boniface VIII. first encompassed it with a crown. Bene¬ 
dict XII. added a second crown ; and John XXIII. a 
third. 
TIARELLA [Dimin. from tiara], in Botany, a genus of 
the class decandria, order digynia, natural order of succu¬ 
lent®, saxifragae (Juss.J —Generic Character. Calyx: pe¬ 
rianth one-leafed, five-parted; segments ovate, acute, per¬ 
manent. Corolla: petals five, oblong, permanent, entire, 
inserted into the calyx. Stamina: filaments ten, filiform, 
longer than the corolla; inserted into the calyx. Anthers 
roundish. Pistil: germ bifid, ending in two very short 
styles. Stigmas simple. Pericarp: capsule oblong, one- 
celled, two-valved ; valves flatfish, one twice as long as the 
other. Seeds numerous, ovate, shining.— Essential Cha¬ 
racter. Calyx five-parted. Corolla five-petal led, inserted 
into the calyx; petals entire. Capsule one-celled, two- 
valved, with one valve larger. 
1. Tiarella cordifolia, or heart-leaved tiarella.—This has a 
perennial fibrous root, which creeps. Leaves of a light 
green colour, unequally indented on their edges, on slender 
foot-stalks, three inches long, arising immediately from the 
root. Flower-stalks slender, naked, about four inches long, 
arising also from the root between the leaves, and terminated 
by a loose spike of small herbaceous white flowers, which 
appear in May, but are seldom followed by seeds in Eng¬ 
land.—Native of North America. 
2. Tiarella trifoliata, or three-leaved tiarella.—Leaves ter- 
nate. This also has a perennial fibrous root, from which 
spring up a few trifoliate petioled leaves, like those of the 
bilberry, but much smaller.—Native of the northern parts of 
Asia. 
Propagation and Culture. —These plants are propagated 
by parting the roots, which spread in the ground, and shoot 
up heads, which may be taken off and transplanted in the 
autumn. They love a moist soil and a shady situation, and 
require no other care but to keep them clean from weeds. 
TIARINI, 
