T I P 
their heads; but these are of no remarkable structure, they 
are only composed of a great number of joints, each covered 
with a tine downy hairiness; and at the joining of each to 
the next, there is a tuft of longer and more stiff hairs. This 
is the description of the common large tipulae, which we find 
in the meadows, and in almost all its parts is applicable to 
the generality of the larger species of these insects. 
The smaller kinds are very numerous, and of great variety. 
These are frequent in all places, and at all seasons of the 
year; the spring shews us immense clouds of them, and even 
the coldest winter’s day shews a great number of them in the 
sun-shine about noon. These creatures fly much better than 
the larger tipulae; they seem indeed to be almost continually 
upon the wing, and their manner of flight is very singular; 
they are continually mounting and descending again, and that 
without quitting the direction of the vertical line in which they 
go forward; this they will often do for many hours together. 
In tracing these flies from their origin, they are all found to 
be produced from worms which have no legs, and have a re¬ 
gular scaly head. Those from which the larger tipulae are 
produced live under ground; they are most fond of marshy 
places, but any ground will do that is not often disturbed. 
They usually are found at about an inch under the surface, 
and are so plentiful in some places as greatly to injure the 
herbage. 
The numerous species are distributed, by Gmelin, into 
classes. 
I.—With patent wings. 
1. Tipula rivosa.—With hyaline wings; rivules brown, 
with a snowy spot.—Frequent in Europe. 
2. Tipula quadrimaculata.—With wings brown-veiny, mar¬ 
gin and four spots brown ; abdomen above yellowish. There 
is a variety denominated calmariensis.—Found in the mea¬ 
dows of Europe. 
3. Tipula crocata.—With wings having a brown spot; 
abdomen black, yellow bands.—Frequent in the north of 
Europe. 
4. Tipula oleracea.—With hyaline wings; the margin of 
the rib brown.—Found in Europe at the roots of pot-herbs, 
grain, &.c. &c. 
5. Tipula hortorum.—With hyaline wings; scattered ob¬ 
solete spots.—Found among the pot-herb plants of Europe. 
. 6. Tipula variegata.—Black ; base and sides of the abdo¬ 
men red, spotted with yellow.—Found in the gardens of 
Europe. 
7. Tipula terrestris, or crane fly.—With hyaline wings; 
brown marginal point; back of the abdomen cinereous.— 
Found in Europe. 
8. Tipula cornicina.—With hyaline wings, marginal point 
brown; abdomen yellow; three lines brown.—Found in 
Europe at the roots of plants. 
9. Tipula nigra.—With brown wings, and black body.— 
Found among the plants of Europe. 
10. Tipula albimana.—Black, with testaceous thighs, and 
hinder tarsi white. 
11. Tipula costalis.—Sordidly yellow; with antennas 
twice longer than the body; hyaline wings, and brownish 
costa.—Found in Van Diemen’s Land. 
12. Tipula atrata.—With glaucous wings ; marginal point 
and body black ; first segment of the abdomen and feet red. 
—An European insect. 
13. Tipula bimaculata.—With hyaline wings; two brown 
spots; the middle of the abdomen spotted ferruginous; plu¬ 
mose antennae.—As the former. 
14. Tipula melanocephala.—Testaceous; head and dorsal 
line of the thorax black ; wings hyaline ; three brown streaks. 
—A Cayenne insect. 
15. Tipula flavescens.-—With unspotted wings; yellow 
body; brown back.—Found in the fields of Europe. 
16. Tipula ensiformis.—With lanceolate serrulate an¬ 
tennae; wings, veins, and spot black—Found in Sweden. 
17. Tipula regelationis.—With hyaline glossy wings; 
cinereous brown body.—Found frequently in Europe. 
18. Tipula pilipes.—Cinereous; with striated brownish 
wings; foremost legs hairy. 
Vol. XXIV. No. 1624. 
U L A. 13 
19. Tipula morio.—Black; with white wings; marginal 
point brown; pallid feet. 
20. Tipula replicata.—With hyaline wings ; margin slen¬ 
der, recurved; body brown; simple antennae.—Found in 
the waters of the north of Europe. 
21. Tipula monoptera.—Black; with feet and feelers 
pallid.—North of Europe. 
22. Tipula gigantea.—With wings brown, hyaline, waved 
longitudinally in the middle.—Found in the gardens of 
Austria and France. 
23. Tipula ichneumonia.—With cinereous thorax; abdo¬ 
men yellow, depressed; wings yellowish-brown; four mar¬ 
ginal spots brown.—An European insect. 
24. Tipula discolor.—Cinereous; abdomen on both sides 
yellowish; wings with brown and white spot.—As the 
former. 
25. Tipulapectinata.'—Black; with antennae semi-pectin¬ 
ated ; glaucous wings; marginal point and apex large; 
thighs and legs red; apices black.—As before. 
26. Tipula versicolor.—Yellow; thorax yellow, spotted 
with black; abdomen and back, beneath and sides cinereous; 
wings, veins, and spot brown.—As before. 
27. Tipula maculosa.—Black; bill, legs, and apex of ab¬ 
domen yellowish; wings with scattered brown spots.—As 
before. 
28. Tipuh lutea.—Pale yellow; with yellowish wings.— 
As before. 
29. Tipula fuscipes.—Black; with two yellowish bands 
on the abdomen; white wings, spotted with black; yellow¬ 
ish legs, joints and soles; with the toes brown.—As before. 
30. Tipula quadrifasciata.—Cinereous-yellowish ; with 
grey wings; four yellowish bands, and margin of costa 
pointed; with yellow legs; black joints.—As before. 
31. Tipula octopunctata.—With white wings; eight 
black points; black abdomen; thorax and legs palish.— 
Found at Paris. 
32. Tipula Parisiensis.—Green ; with hyaline wings; 
brown band ; the two bands of the abdomen and anus black. 
—As before. 
33. Tipula secalis.—Cinereous; with ciliated wings; eyes, 
antennae annulated with white; the apex of the abdomen 
and feet black.—Found in fields of rye. Gmelin queries 
whether the two last species belong to this tribe of insects. 
II.—With incumbent wings: “ Culiciform.” 
34. Tipula plumosa.—With greenish thorax; white wings; 
brown point; and plumose antennae.—-In the marshes of 
Europe. 
35. Tipula fasciculata.—Black ; fore-legs long and mota- 
tory; sides of the abdomen spotted with ferruginous.—Found 
in Germany. 
36. Tipula tendens.—Ferruginous; with white unspotted 
wings; fore-legs very long and pale.—In marshes of Den¬ 
mark. 
37. Tipula vibratoria.—Fore-legs very large, motatory; 
white at the apex.—Found in the marshes of Europe. 
38. Tipula varia.—Brown; fore-legs elongated; abdomen 
yellowish; wings varied with white and black. 
39. Tipula tremula.—Fore-legs very long, motatory; 
black, with white wings.—In the marshes of Sweden. 
40. Tipula flexilis.—Fore-legs motatory, all pallid ; wings 
with duskyish band.—In the watery places of Europe. 
41. Tipula monilis.—With white legs, nine black rings; 
wings varied with white and cinereous,—In the gardens ot 
Europe. 
42. Tipula zonata,—Pallid; with wings, two bands, and 
three points brown; thighs with brown angle.—Found in 
Orford. 
43. Tipula virens.—Green; with unspotted wings; brown 
soles.—A Swedish insect, 
44. Tipula viridula.—Green ; with antennae verticillate, 
hairy; pallid legs.—North of Europe. 
45. Tipula geniculata.—Beneath yellowish ; lines of the 
thorax and back of the abdomen black, with white immacu¬ 
late wings. 
E 64. Tipula 
