88 T R I F O 
pie. Pericarp: legume scarcely longer than the calyx, one- 
vaived, not opening, deciduous. Seeds very few, roundish. 
It is very difficult to give a complete character of this genus, 
with its true and essential mark. The appearance and various 
attributes of the species prove this genus to be natural: nor 
have they discovered the limits who have attempted to divide 
it. — Essential Character. Flowers in a head. Legume 
scarcely longer than the calyx, not opening, deciduous. 
I. —Melilots. Legumes naked, many-seeded. 
1. Trifolium cseruleum, or blue melilot trefoil.—Racemes 
ovate; legumes half-naked, mucronate; stem erect; spikes 
oblong. This is an annual plant.—Native of Germany. 
2. Trifolium Indicum, or Indian melilot trefoil.—Legumes 
racemed, naked, one-seeded; stem erect.—Native of the East 
Indies, China, Africa, and Italy, if the plant be the same in 
all these countries. There are several varieties. 
3. Trifolium massanense, or Sicilian melilot trefoil.—Le¬ 
gumes racemed, naked, one-seeded, bow-striated, semi-ovate, 
acute; stem erect.—Native of Sicily, Italy, and Barbary. 
4. Trifolium Polonicum, or Polonian melilot trefoil.—- 
Legumes racemed, naked, two-seeded, lanceolate; stem erect. 
This differs from the next species, in having the stem altoge¬ 
ther round.—Native of Poland. 
5. Trifolium officinale, or common melilot trefoil.—.Le¬ 
gumes racemed, naked, two-seeded, wrinkled, acute; stem 
erect. Root annual, strong, woody. Stem upright, grooved, 
yellowish-green, two feet high or more, with spreading alter¬ 
nate branches.—Common melilot grows wild in most parts 
of Europe, in corn-fields, pastures, and by way-sides. 
6. Trifolium Italicum, or Italian melilot trefoil.—-Legumes 
racemed, naked, two-seeded, wrinkled, obtuse; stem erect; 
leaflets entire.—Native of Italy. 
7. Trifolium Creticum, or Cretan melilot trefoil.—Le¬ 
gumes racemed, naked, two-seeded, membranaceous; stem 
nearly upright.—Native of Candiaand Algiers. 
8. Trifolium ornithopodioides, or bird’s-foot melilot trefoil. 
_Legumes naked, eight-seeded, about three together, twice 
as long as the calyx; stems declined.-—Native of Denmark, 
France and Britain, on dry gravelly heaths and pastures, 
among short grass, flowering in June and July. 
II. —I.otoid. Legumes covered, many-seeded. 
9. Trifolium lupinaster, bastard lupine, or trefoil.—Heads 
halved; leaves quinate, sessile; legumes many seeded.—-Na¬ 
tive of Siberia. 
10. Trifolium reflexum, or reflex-headed trefoil.—Fruiting 
heads bent back; legumes three-seeded.—Native of Virginia. 
11. Trifolium strictum, or upright trefoil.—Heads globular; 
legumes two-seeded ; calyxes length of the corolla ; leaflets 
serrulate; stipules rhombed. Root annual.—Native of Italy 
and Spain, in pastures. 
12. Trifolium hybridum, or mule trefoil.—Heads umbelled, 
legumes four-seeded; stem ascending.—Native of several 
parts of Europe. 
13. Trifolium repens, creeping white trefoil, or Dutch 
clover.—Heads umbelled ; legumes four-seeded; stem creep¬ 
ing. Root perennial, fibrous. Stems numerous, prostrate, 
creeping, extending, white, branched at the base, leafy, 
smooth. Leaves on long petioles. White clover is common 
in pastures through the greater part of Europe; flowering 
from the end of May to September. There are many vari¬ 
eties, depending on richness or poverty of soil. Haller has 
noticed no less than eleven. 
14. Trifolium commosum.—Heads globular, umbelled, 
imbricate; banners bent down, permanent; legumes four- 
seeded.—Native of America. 
15. Trifolium alpinum, or alpine trefoil.—Heads umbelled; 
scape naked; legumes two-seeded, pendulous; leaflets linear- 
lanceolate. Root very large.—Native of the Alps, Pyrenees, 
Monte Baldo, &c. 
III.—Lagopuses: with villose calyxes. 
16. Trifolium subterraneum, or subterraneous trefoil.— 
Heads villose, four-flowered or thereabouts; with a central 
L I U M. 
reflexed, rigid, stellate involucre wrapping up the fruit. 
— Root annual. — Native of France, Italy, Spain, and 
England. 
17. Trifolium globosum, or globular trefoil.—Heads vil¬ 
lose, globular; upper calyxes destitute of a floret.—Native 
of Arabia, Syria and China. 
18. Trifolium cherleri, or hairy trefoil.—Heads villose, 
globular, terminating, solitary; all the calyxes fertile; stems 
procumbent; leaves obcordate. This is allied to the next, 
but the whole calyxes are hairy.—Native of France, Italy, 
and the hills about Algiers. 
19. Trifolium lappaceum, or bur trefoil.—Spikes subovate; 
calycine teeth setaceous, hispid ; stem patulous; leaves ovate. 
—Native of France, Spain, and Italy. 
20. Trifolium rubens, or long spiked trefoil.—Spikes vil¬ 
lose, long; corollas one-petalled; stem erect; leaves serru¬ 
late. This is a large elegant trefoil.—Native of the south of 
Europe, and about Algiers in Africa. 
21. Trifolium pratense, common purple trefoil, or honey¬ 
suckle trefoil.—Spike dense; stems ascending; corollas un¬ 
equal ; calycine teeth four, equal; stipules awned. Root 
erennial, striking almost right down, and scarcely creeping, 
ranching, granulated, ash-coloured. Spikes of flowers ter¬ 
minating, ovate, obtuse, solitary, sometimes peduncled, but 
commonly sessile between two opposite erect floral leaves. 
Besides the principal use to which clover is applied, for feed¬ 
ing cattle, it may be mentioned that the heads are used in 
Sweden to dye woollen green. With alum they give a 
light, and with copperas a dark green. The seeds also yield 
a dye. There are several varieties. 
22. Trifolium medium, or zigzag trefoil.—Spikes loose; 
stems flexuose, branched; corollas nearly equal; stipules 
subulate-linear.—It is found in chalk and in gravel with 
a clay bottom; in many parts of Europe, in Great Britain, 
Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Carniolia, Piedmont, Holland, 
Switzerland, and many parts of Germany. 
23. Trifolium alpestre, or alpine trefoil.—Spikes dense; 
corollas nearly equal; stipules setaceous, diverging; leaflets 
lanceolate; stem stiff and quite simple.—Native of Britain, 
but is found in dry mountainous woody places, in Hungary, 
Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Stiria and Piedmont. Several 
varieties. 
24. Trifolium pannonicum, or Hungarian trefoil.—Spikes 
villose, long; corollas one-petalled; leaves quite entire; stem 
erect; both extremely villose.—Native of Lower Hungary, in 
the neighbourhood of Schemnilz, in moist meadows. 
25. Trifolium squarrosum, or round-leaved trefoil.— 
Spikes oblong, somewhat hairy ; the lowest teeth of the ca¬ 
lyxes reflexed; stem herbaceous, erect.—Native of Spain. 
26. Trifolium incarnatum, or crimson trefoil. — Spikes 
villose, oblong, obtuse leaflets. This is an annual trefoil, 
and of the largest and most showy.—Native of Italy, the 
south of France, and of Barbary, about Algiers. 
27. Trifolium ochroleucum, pallid or sulphur-coloured 
trefoil.—Head villose; stem erect, pubescent; lowest leaflets 
obcordate; lowest calycine tooth very long.—Native of 
France, Switzerland, Austria, Silesia, Italy and England. 
28. Trifolium angustifolium, or narrow-leaved trefoil.— 
Spikes villose, conic-oblong ; calycine teeth setaceous, almost 
equal; leaflets linear.—Native of Germany, the South of 
France, Italy, Spain, Carniolia, Barbary, and the Island of 
Madeira. 
29. Trifblium arvense, or hare’s-foot trefoil.—Spikes ex¬ 
tremely villose, subcylindrical; calycine teeth setaceous, 
longer than the corolla; leaflets obovate-linear. Root small 
and annual. The whole plant villose. Stem mostly erect, 
much branched, round, firm, changing its direction from 
joint to joint.—Native of Europe and Barbary, in barren 
sandy pastures and fields; flowering in July and August. 
30. Trifolium maritimum, or teasel-headed trefoil.—Spikes 
hairy, globular; calycine teeth leafy, finally spreading; sti¬ 
pules lanceolate; leaflets obovate.—It grows in salt-marshes 
and meadows near the sea in various parts of England, from 
Norfolk all along the south and west coast to Wales. 
31. Trifolium stellatum, or star-headed trefoil.—Spikes 
hairy 
