114 
T R 0 
natural order of composite oppositifoli®, corymbiferae 
(Juss).-— Generic Character. Calyx: common imbricate, 
ovate; scales eight to ten, oblong, acuminate, convex, al¬ 
most equal; outer somewhat keeled, membranaceous at the 
tip. Corolla: compound; corolletshermaphrodite, numer¬ 
ous, in the disk; females fewer, shorter, in the ray; proper 
in the hermaphrodites funnel-form, with a very short tube, 
and an erect five-cleft border; in the females funnel-form, 
with a compressed tube, and a trifid border; the hinder 
segment larger, the anterior ones smaller. Stamina: in the 
hermaphrodites filaments five, length of the tube; anther 
cylindrical, above the border. Pistil: in the hermaphro¬ 
dites, germ linear, pubescent. Style filiform, length of the 
stamens, bifid at the tip. Stigmas reflexed. Pericarp none. 
Calyx unchanged, converging. Seeds: in the hermaphro¬ 
dites often abortive; in the females ovate, somewhat com¬ 
pressed, margined, convex behind, blunt at the tip, sub- 
trigonal, hirsute. Down none. Receptacle chaffy ; chaffs 
oblong, acute, concave, membranaceous.— Essential Cha¬ 
racter. Corollets of the ray trifid. Seeds hairy at the tip, 
without any down. Receptacle chaffy. 
1. Trixis terebinthinacea.—Leaves ovate, serrulate, hispid, 
hirsute beneath; flowers corymbed. 
2. Trixis aspera.—Leaves ovate, attenuated at the base 
and tip, tooth-serrate, rough; flowers panicled. 
3. Trixis erosa.—Leaves broad-ovate, gash-serrate, wrink¬ 
led, rugged; petioles longer.-—These are natives of the 
West Indies, the first of Jamaica; and the last of Dominica 
and St. Christopher’s. 
TROAD, or Plain of Troy, a track of Asia Minor, to 
which this name, unknown to the natives, has been applied 
by modern Europeans. This spot is not distinguished by 
any of the features which form the usual subjects of geogra¬ 
phic delineation. It contains no great cities, no grand fea¬ 
tures of nature, not even any ancient monuments of peculiar 
magnitude. The extraordinary interest excited by it de¬ 
pends solely on its being the scene of events celebrated in the 
immortal verse of the first of Grecian poets. This alone 
gives it a pre-eminence over all the other regions of Western 
Asia. “ So high the deathless muse can raise her theme.” 
Yet a considerable mystery hangs over this curious subject. 
The most learned travellers and inquirers, Chandler, Wood, 
Chevalier, Bryant, Gell, Clarke, Hobhouse, Carlyle, &c. 
have exhausted their efforls, without bringing out any result 
in which the public is disposed fully to acquiesce. The de¬ 
cision of the question must depend upon a multiplicity of 
details, into which it would not consist with the plan and 
limits of this work to enter. It may be expected, however, 
that we should take some general survey of the campi ubi 
Troja fait, a district which the recollections and associa¬ 
tions connected with it render so justly and deeply interest¬ 
ing. 
Modem scepticism has exercised its full influence upon 
this subject. Bryant, one of the most learned inquirers, 
denies not only that any spot can be identified as Troy, but 
that there ever was such a place as Troy, or such an event as 
the Trojan war. This supposition, in itself extremely im¬ 
probable, has been refuted by medals and inscriptions relating 
to that subject, as well as by other circumstances. Other 
writers have endeavoured to place Troy in a position farther 
to the south, and on the shore of the Egean sea. But the 
general opinion seems now fixed upon that part of the coast 
of Asia Mipor which lies immediately without the narrow 
sea called anciently the Hellespont, and now the Darda¬ 
nelles. Here is found the island of Tenedos, in the situation 
assigned by Homer, and retaining its name unaltered; and 
notwithstanding difficulties of detail, the general features ex¬ 
hibit a very striking correspondence. We find here a plain 
of considerable extent, watered by several streams, and be¬ 
hind which rises a chain of lofty mountains, called by the 
Turks Kazdaghi, but which entirely correspond to the Gar- 
garus and Ida of Homer. Every trace of the ancient Troy 
being confessedly obliterated, its site can only be guessed by 
the relative position of the natural objects alluded to by Ho¬ 
mer. Of these, in this level track, the most conspicuous are 
A D. 
the rivers; and upon them chiefly the grand controversy has 
hinged. The most considerable is the Mender or Mender 
Sou, which rises about 40 miles to the southward, amid the 
steeps of Ida, whence it is precipitated in a lofty cascade. 
It traverses the plain in a northern direction, with a certain 
declination westward, and falls into the mouth of the Helles¬ 
pont at a place called Koum Kale. Notwithstanding the 
different direction in which the researches of Chevalier long 
turned the attention of the learned, it seems now universally 
agreed that this must be the Scamander. Its very Dame is of 
considerable weight; for those of natural objects very usually,, 
survive the original language; and the Mender has a farther 
claim, as being decidedly the largest river of the plain. 
Besides, the scene of Homer’s battles is clearly fixed in a 
great plain to the east of the Scamander. Such a plain exists 
to the east of the Mender, and in no other position. This 
river is, after all, only a great mountain torrent, which, in 
the heat of summer, is nearly or altogether dry; but when 
filled with the winter rains, it is about 300 yards wide, deep, 
and rapid ; insomuch that Dr. Clarke and Mr. Gell incurred 
considerable danger in fording it. On the eastern side the 
Mender receives a rivulet called the Callifat Osmack, rising 
in the lower heights of Ida, and joining the Mender about 
four miles before its falling into the sea. The course of this 
rivulet is about 15 miles, and its stream not generally rapid, 
though its depth is such that it can be crossed only at a ford. 
This river Dr. Clarke conceived to be the Simois, travers¬ 
ing the Simoisian plain, on which were fought all the great 
battles narrated in the Iliad. There is, however, a much 
larger river, second only to the Scamander, among those 
which traverse the plain of-Troy, called the Thymbrek. It 
flows much farther eastward, leaving a wide interval between 
it and the Scamander, which it joins only at its mouth. The 
name strongly suggests the Thymbrius, a river mentioned 
by Homer, and not the scene of any great achievements. 
We have now to consider the human structures by which 
this plain is distinguished. Among these, the most remark¬ 
able are the ruins near Palaio Callifat, first discovered and 
pointed out by Dr. Clarke, and clearly proved by him to 
occupy the site of the New Ilium of Strabo. They are situ¬ 
ated about three miles from the sea, and nearly midwav 
between the Mender and the Thymbrek. The remains of a 
citadel could be clearly traced, and Turks were employed 
raising enormous blocks of marble from the foundations sur¬ 
rounding the eminence on which it was situated. The ap¬ 
pearance of the structure exhibited that colossal and massive 
style of architecture which characterised the early ages of 
Greece. Strabo himself, however, following Demetrius of 
Scepsis, placed old Troy three miles and a half farther to the 
west. This carries us to the village of Tchiblack, where 
were noticed very considerable remains of ancient architec¬ 
ture, but in such a state of disorder and ruin, that no precise 
description of them could be given. The most remarkable 
are on the top of a hill, nearly a mile from the place called 
Beyan Mezaley, in the midst of a beautiful grove of oak trees. 
Here the ruins of a Doric temple of white marble lay heaped 
together in the most striking manner, mixed with very large 
fragments of broken pillars. 
Besides the ruins already described, there are those of 
Halil Elly, a village beyond the Thymbrek. They appear 
to be rather the remains of ten temples than of one. The 
earth, to a very considerable extent, is covered with broken 
columns of marble and granite; while Doric, Ionic, and 
Corinthian capitals, some very beautiful, lie dispersed in all 
directions. 
A characteristic feature of this plain consists in a consi¬ 
derable number of tumuli or mounds, which are named by 
the natives with the appellation tepe, supposed a corruption of 
taphos, tomb, and which may fairly be judged the remains 
of those erected in honour of the Grecian and Trojan heroes. 
Among the most remarkable is the Aianteurn or tomb of Ajax, 
situated upon the ancient Rhetean promontory on the coast 
of the Hellespont. The shrine on the top still remains in a 
state of remarkable preservation; and Dr. Clarke conceives, 
that of all the remains of former ages, there are few objects 
more 
