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TUN 
To utter with the voice inarticulate harmony. 
TU'NEFUL, adj. Musical; harmonious. 
Poets themselves must fall, like those they sung. 
Deaf the prais’d ear, and mute the tuneful tongue. Pope. 
TU'NELESS, adj. Unharmonious; unmusical. 
When in hand my tuneless harp I take, 
Then do I more augment my foes despight. Spenser. 
TU'NER, s. One who tunes.—The pox of such antic, 
lisping, affected phantasies, these new tuners of accents. 
Shakspeare. 
TUNGURAGUA, a very high mountain of Quito, in the 
province of Riobamba, of a conical figure, regularly sloped 
on all sides, and rising far above the line of perpetual snows. 
It is volcanic, and often bursts forth into the most violent 
eruptions, by one of which the town of Riobamba was 
destroyed. The lower parts of the mountain are covered 
with a thick wood. Some hot springs gush out through 
crevices in its sides, which has caused warm baths to be 
erected for the accommodation of invalids. Tunguragua is 
16,500 feet above the level of the sea; 7 leagues north of 
Riobamba. Lat. 1. 29. S. 
TUNGURAGUA, a large river of South America, which 
has its rise in Peru, in the province of Tarma, in the lake 
Lauricocha, near the city of Guanuco, in lat. 11. south, and 
flows through Peru to Bracamoros, where, passing by Jaen, 
it turns to the east, and pours itself, after intersecting the 
Andes at the Pongo de Manseriche, into the Amazons by an 
immense mouth, below the village of St. Regis. 
TUNGUSES, a wandering native race of Asiatic Russia, 
who cover nearly the whole south-eastern portion of that vast 
territory. They are first found on the banks of the Yenisei, 
whence they extend all the way eastward to the sea of Ok¬ 
hotsk. The Tunguses are of middle size, of a robust consti¬ 
tution, and endowed with the greatest agility. They have 
small eyes, a smiling physiognomy, and long black hair, 
which they allow to hang freely over their shoulders. They 
employ themselves solely in hunting and fishing. They 
have no permanent abodes, but range through the woods 
and along the rivers, seldom remaining more than six days 
at a time in one spot. Their tents are formed of a few spars, 
put together in a conical shape, and covered with skins, or 
with willow bark, which, after being exposed for some time 
to the vapour of boiling water, becomes equally flexible. In 
pursuing their occupation of hunting, they distinguish them¬ 
selves by bravery and activity. Their arms are bows and 
arrows, with which they will attack the fiercest animals. 
The delicacy of their sight and smell on such occasions is 
almost incredible. In winter they use light wooden shoes, 
five feet long, with which they are able to walk over the 
deepest snow without sinking. The most valuable of the 
animals which they pursue is the sable, whose fur is so deli¬ 
cate as to be spoiled by the least wound or hurt. They 
pursue it therefore till the animal is driven to seek shelter at 
the top of a tree, when the hunter spreads his nets at the foot, 
and kindles a fire, the smoke of which cannot be endured 
by the sable, who drops down and is caught. The Tun¬ 
guses clothe themselves with the skins of rein-deer and wild 
sheep, having the hair or wool turned inward during winter; 
in summer they wear the same skins tanned, ornamented with 
beads and glass. The moral character of the Tunguses is 
the subject of considerable praise. They are a brave, honest 
people, frank, open, and sincere. They hold lying in de¬ 
testation, and refuse to make an oath, thinking that their 
word ought to be sufficient. Theft and baud are unknown 
among them. 
TUNGUSKA, the name of three large rivers of Asiatic 
Russia, all tributaries to the Yenesei. The first, called the 
Lower Tunguska, is the most northerly of the three, and 
has the longest course. It rises in the northern part of the 
government of Irkoutsk, and falls into the Yenisei, near 
Turuchansk. Its entire course cannot be estimated at less 
than 1000 miles. 
The Middle Tunguska rises also in the district of Irkoutsk, 
TUN 
and after a course of between five and six hundred miles, 
falls into the Yenesei, in lat. 62. N. 
The Upper Tunguska rolls a greater mass of water than 
either of the above streams, and might even rival the Lower 
Tunguska in length of course, if counted from the com¬ 
mencement of its stream. It bursts from the northern part of 
the lake or sea of Baikal, through a broken and rocky chan¬ 
nel. It bears the name of Angara in all the first part of its 
course, and till after being joined by the Him, when it receives 
the name of Tunguska. It then flows westward, and joins 
the Yenisei, in lat. 59. N. 
TU'NIC, s. [tunece, Sax.; tunique, Fr.; tunica, Lat.] 
Part of the Roman dress.—The tunics of the Romans, 
which answer to our waistcoats, were without ornaments, and 
with very short sleeves. Arbuthnot .—Natural covering; 
integument; tunicle.—The dropsy of the tunica vaginalis 
is owing to a preternatural discharge of that water continu¬ 
ally separating on the internal surface of the tunic. Sharp. 
TU'NICLE, s. Natural cover; integument.—One single 
grain of wheat, barley, or rye, shall contain four or five dis¬ 
tinct plants under one common tunicle ; a very convincing 
argument of the providence of God. Bentley .—Formerly 
a kind of cope worn by the officiating clergy. ‘ Obsolete. _ 
Tunicles Durand describes to have been a silk sky-coloured 
coat made in the shape of a cope. Wheatly . 
TU'NING, s. Act of singing or playing in concert; act 
or method of putting into tune. 
All organs of sweet stop. 
All sounds on fret by string or golden wire 
Temper’d soft tunings. Milton . 
TUNIS, a considerable territory of Northern Africa, form¬ 
ing one of the most powerful of the Barbary states. It con¬ 
sists chiefly of a large peninsula, stretching into the Medi¬ 
terranean in a north-easterly direction, and coming within 
less than a hundred miles of the coast of Sicily. Beginning 
at Cape Jerbi, the frontier point of Tripoli, the coast extends 
northerly with a slight declination to the east; but after 
turning Cape Bon, its general direction is easterly, with a 
slight declination to the south. It terminates at Cape Roux, 
in lat. 37. N. and the whole extent is about 500 miles. The 
cultivated part reaches from 200 to 250 miles into the in¬ 
terior, till it terminates with the chain of Atlas, and the vast 
dry plains of the Bled el Jereede. There are few countries 
more highly favoured as to natural beauty and fertility. It 
is watered by the noble river Mejerdah, celebrated by the 
ancients under the name of Bagrac/a, and which contains 
on its banks many towns and large villages, with from 5000 
to 15,000 inhabitants. The inhabitants are almost exclu¬ 
sively governed by chiefs of their own, the Tunisians merely 
sending once a year a flying column, to collect the tribute, 
rather in the form of military exaction, than of voluntary 
gift. The mountains near Tunis contain mines of silver, 
copper, and lead; and there is one of quicksilver near Porto 
Tarina; but these sources of national wealth are not turned 
to any account. It was governed for some time by its vice¬ 
roys, called deys ; but the people, or rather the soldiery, soon 
acquired the privilege of electing their own dey; and that 
officer may now be considered entirely independent of the 
Porte. The chief danger of the Tunisian state arises at 
present from the Algerines, who, in the course of the last 
century, have wrested from it the fine province of Constatina, 
and aim at subduing the whole kingdom. 
TUNIS, a large city of Barbary, capital of the territory 
of the same name. It is situated at the bottom of a bay, 
about ten miles south-west from the site of the ancient Car¬ 
thage, of which it may properly be considered as the suc¬ 
cessor. The city is large, being supposed to contain 
12,000 houses, and 130,000 inhabitants. The intercourse 
between Britain and Tunis is very small, and is mostly 
carried on by way of Leghorn. France, however, when the 
intercourse is open, has obtained a preference in the Tu¬ 
nisian trade, though it must often secure the sale of its ma¬ 
nufactures by giving them the name of Londres. The best 
time to send a cargo to Tunis, especially of woollens, is in 
September 
