T U R 
TURCO, a settlement of Peru, in the province of Caran- 
gas. Lat. 20. 30. S. long. 68. 20. W. 
TURCOING, or Tourcoing, a considerable town of 
French Flanders; 6 miles north-north-west of Lille. It con¬ 
tains about 11,000 inhabitants. 
TURCOIS, or Turquois, a substance found in Persia 
and other parts of Asia, and formerly classed with stones. 
It has a beautiful light-green colour, and is susceptible of a 
high polish. The surface is smooth and polished; it has 
also a smooth shining fracture, and is so hard as to scratch 
glass slightly: the specific gravity is 3.127. It has for a 
long time been considered as the tooth of an unknown ani¬ 
mal impregnated with copper ; but by a series of analytical 
experiments, La Grange has proved that it does not contain 
a particle of copper, but is in reality bone coloured by 
phosphate of iron. 
TURCOMANS, or Truckmen, a Nomadic Tartar race, 
who fill with their hordes many of the districts of Western 
Asia. Their native seat seems to be in the regions east of 
the Caspian, in the vast plains between it and the Aral. 
They are completely a Tartar race, disdaining all cultiva¬ 
tion, and employing themselves in the rearing of horses 
and cattle, to which, when opportunity admits, they add 
that of plunder, and of mercenary warfare. 
TURD, s. [tupb, Saxon.] Excrement. 
TURDUS, or Thrush, the name of a genus of birds, of 
the order of the Passeres. The distinguishing characters of this 
genus are, that the tongue is jagged, and has a rim or mar¬ 
gin round it; the bill is of a conic pointed figure, the upper 
mandible bent at the apex, and emarginated; the nostrils 
naked, but half covered above with a small membrane, and 
the chaps ciliated. 
1. Turdus viscivorus.—With a brown back, neck with 
white spots, and a yellowish bill. This is the missel thrush 
of Pennant and Latham.—Found in the woods of Europe. 
2. Turdus pilaris.—With black tail-feathers, the outer¬ 
most whitish at the apex and interior margin, the head and 
rump hoary. The fieldfare of Ray, Willughby, Pennant, 
and Latham. Of this there are four varieties.—Found in 
the woods of Europe, Siberia, and Syria. 
3. Turdus Africanus.—Blackish, the breast covered with 
black feathers, with red margin ; the bill yellow ; and the 
legs cinereous.—Found in Africa. 
4. Turdus Tripolitanus.—Olive-yellow, whitish beneath; 
black quills; equal blackish tail and yellow apex. The Tri¬ 
poli thrush of Latham.—Found in Barbary. 
5. Turdus polyglottus.—Obscurely ash-coloured; beneath 
palely ash-coloured, with the greater quill-feathers white on 
the exterior half. The singing-bird, mocking-bird or night¬ 
ingale of Sloane, the mock-bird of Catesby and Kalm, and 
the mimic thrush of Pennant and Latham.—Found in Ja¬ 
maica, and the moist woods of America, practising in the 
way which its name imports. 
6. Turdus Orpheus.—With brown back; breast and la¬ 
teral wing-feathers whitish ; eye-brows white. The polyglott 
bird of Willughby, the lesser mocking-bird of Edwards, and 
the mocking-thrush of Latham.—Found in Jamaica, and the 
warmer parts of America. It has two varieties. 
7. Turdus Saudwichensis.—Above and abdomen brown¬ 
ish ; beneath and front cinereous-white. The Sandwich 
thrush of Latham.—Found in the Sandwich islands. 
8. Turdus Novas Hollandise.—Blueisli lead-coloured; the 
anterior part of the head, the bill, chin, throat, and legs 
black; the quill and wing-feathers black, with lead-coloured 
margin; the intermediate white at the apex. The New- 
Holland thrush of Latham. 
9. Turdus plumbeus.—Black, with yellow axillae, and 
cuneated tail. The red-legged thrush of Pennant and La¬ 
tham.—Found in North and South America, and in the Ba¬ 
hama islands. 
10. Turdus crassirostris.—Above from red, and beneath 
from black to brown, with the quill-feathers acuminated; 
the two intermediate obscure. The thick-billed thrush of 
Latham.—Found in New Zealand. 
11. Turdus pagodarum.—Black; back and rump grey; 
Von. XXIV. No. 1633. - - 
DUS. 145 
vent white; head crested. The pagoda thrush of Latham.— 
Found in Malabar and Coromandel. 
12. Turdus Cayennensis.—Cinereous; beneath whitish; 
vent white; greater wing-feathers and tail-feathers black; 
throat, bill, and legs black. .The Cayenne thrush of Latham. 
13. Turdus variegatus.—Above brown; beneath whitish; 
feathers whitish and black interspersed. Variegated thrush 
of Latham —Found in Surinam. 
14. Turdus striatus.—Varied with yellow and grey; a 
longitudinal streak of the back yellow. Yellow-backed 
thrush of Latham.—Found in Surinam. 
15. Turdus fuscus.—Olivaceous-brown; breast and ab¬ 
domen whitish, spotted with brown ; greater quills and legs 
black. Brown thrush of Latham.—In New York. 
16. Turdus nigerrimus.—Wholly black; feathers yellow 
at the margin ; cheeks and throat holosericeous. The black¬ 
cheeked thrush of Latham.—Found in Madagascar. 
17. Turdus Hispaniolensis.—Olive-coloured; beneath va¬ 
ried from olive.to grey; brown tail-feathers, whitish at the 
interior margin, olive at the exterior; with the intermediate 
part altogether olive. The Hispaniola thrush of Latham. 
18. Turdus albifrons.—From black to lead-coloured; be¬ 
neath yellowish; with the spot on the front white; and brown 
legs. The white-fronted thrush of Latham. There is a 
variety black; beneath white, tail beneath cinereous.— 
Found in New Zealand. 
19. Turdus Capensis.—Brown; abdomen yellowish; vent 
yellow. A variety has the head and tail black.—Found at 
the Cape of Good Hope. 
20. Turdus atricapillus.—Brown; blackhead; abdomen 
and rump red; spot on the wing white.—Found at the Cape 
of Good Hope. 
21. Turdus longirostris.—From olivaceous to pale-brown ; 
beneath pale sulphureous; rump and eye-brows yellowish ; 
tail round and yellow; intermediate tail-feathers brown. 
The long-billed thrush of Latham—.Found in the islands of 
Eimeo and York. 
22. Turdus fuscipes.—Cinereous; beneath red; vertex 
black ; legs and tail-feathers brown; tail sub-cuneated. The 
bull'-winged thrush of Latham.—Supposed to found in 
Cayenne. 
23. Turdus formicivorus.—Above from red to brown; be¬ 
neath cinereous; chin, throat, and breast black; band varied 
with white and black. The ant thrush of Latham.—Found 
as the former. 
24. Turdus cyanurus.—Spadiceous; beneath varied with 
blue and yellow transverse alternate streaks; vertex at the 
nape to the quill-feathers and occular band black; another 
orange; pectoral band and wedge-formed tail blue. The 
blue-tailed thrush of Latham.—In Guinea. 
25. Turdus rex.—From red to brown; beneath more di¬ 
lute; occiput lead-coloured; front varied from white to 
brown. The king thrush of Latham.—Found in South 
America, particularly Guiana and Brazil, 
26. Turdus Sinensis.—Reddish ; head brown striated ; 
white eye-brows; tail-feathers marked with obscure brown 
streaks, and legs yellow, The Chinese thrush of Latham.— 
Found in China. 
27. Turdus leucocephalus.—Grey; black quill-feathers; 
the lesser with the covers of the wings and fail green-brassy 
and shining violet. The white-headed thrush of Latham.— 
In China. 
28. Turdus perspicillatus.—With head and neck cinereous; 
front and streak under the eyes on both sides black; body 
above from greenish to brown; beneath ochroleucous. The 
spectacle thrush of Latham.—In China. 
29. Turdus flavus.—Yellow; white orbits; band from 
upper mandible produced near the eye black; bill and legs 
red. The yellow thrush of Latham.—In China. 
30. Turdus viridus_Green ; with eye-brows, spot below 
the eye, abdomen and vent white; throat grey, spotted with 
white; breast reddish. The green thrush of Latham.—In 
China. 
31. Turdus cyanus.—With feathers cinereous-blue at the 
margin; mouth and eye-lids yellow. The Indian mockbird 
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