TURKEY. 
152 
death of Louis II., who fell at the battle of Mohars, the 
country was distracted by factions. The one chose John 
Zapoli, waywode of Transylvania, the other elected the 
archduke Ferdinand of Austria for king. The latter, at the 
head of a powerful army, came up with his competitor in 
the plains of Tokay, and put him to flight. King John, 
dethroned almost as soon as elected, sought refuge with So- 
le'iman. The sultan, in hopes of rendering the crown of 
Hungary tributary to his own, declared in favour of Zapoli, 
and he received him with honour in his camp near Belgrade. 
The Ottoman army immediately entered Hungary, retook 
several places in which it had left no garrison, and advanced 
towards Vienna, the capital and barrier of the Austrian 
dominions. Ferdinand had time to throw into it twenty 
thousand rnen, and to supply it with provisions. The attack 
and defence of that city were equally creditable to the con¬ 
tending parties. But the season becoming unfavourable, 
Soleiman was necessitated, on the 14th of October, 1529, 
to raise the siege, which had cost him eighty thousand men ; 
and after having himself crowned king John, with whom he 
left some troops in Hungary, he returned to his capital. 
The two kings of Hungary entered into a compromise and 
divided the country between them, while Soleiman made 
preparations for a war with Persia. Shah Thahmas, sove¬ 
reign of that country, sensible that the deserts which sur¬ 
round it are its strongest fortifications, spontaneously aban¬ 
doned Tauryz, leaving the Turks to penetrate into a country 
where they must be in want of every thing and become 
weaker from day to day. Then relinquishing the defensive, 
this prince at the head of the gizibbach, the flower of his 
troops, marched by a by-way upon Tauryz, retook that 
city, and routed the Turks in their retreat. 
While Soleiman was in vain seeking conquests in Asia, 
kingdoms were won and lost in his name in Africa. Khair- 
ed-dyn, who acquired celebrity by the name of Barbarossa, 
son of a potter, had, with one of his brothers, relinquished 
in his youth his father’s profession for that of a pirate. They 
possessed talents and courage. After cruizing along the 
coasts of Spain and Italy, they took Algiers, which was then 
but a receptacle for banditti like themselves. Barbarossa’s 
elder brother became sovereign of these pirates. Some time 
afterwards he died without issue and Barbarossa succeeded 
him. The enterprising character of this adventurer attracted 
the notice of the sultan, who attached him to his interest, 
and appointed him the sole pacha of the sea or capitan- 
pacha. Barbarossa manned the Turkish fleet, ravaged the 
coasts of Italy, took several towns in Calabria, struck terror 
into Naples, and even into Rome, and then suddenly bear¬ 
ing away for Africa, made himself master of Tunis. 
Charles V., jealous of the Ottoman power, and desirous of 
putting a stop to the piracies which desolated the southern 
coasts of Europe, formed an alliance with several other 
Christian princes, and in 1535, sailed himself with a numer¬ 
ous fleet for Africa. He reduced the fort of Goletta, situ¬ 
ated a few miles from Tunis, and advanced to meet the army 
of Barbarossa. The latter less fortunate by land than by 
sea, was defeated by the emperor, who entered Tunis, the 
gates of which were opened to him by the Christian slaves 
■who were confined there. Anxious to destroy the last re¬ 
maining haunt of the pirates, he laid siege to Algiers; but 
his bravest soldiers fell victims to the climate; and after 
losing one hundred and forty of his ships in a tremendous 
storm, on the coast of Barbary, Charles was obliged to re¬ 
embark the relics of his army in the vessels that were left. 
About this time Soleiman turned his whole naval force 
against the republic of Venice. Barbarossa ravaged the 
island of Corfu, and reduced in the Archipelago the islands 
of Scyros, Patmos, and Stampalia, Paros, and some others 
belonging to the Venetians, and forced the republic to sue 
for peace. 
John, king of Hungary, was by this time dead, leaving a 
son a year old, under the guardianship of his mother Isa¬ 
bella. The crown of Hungary could not fail to tempt the 
Austrians, who advanced to Buda for the purpose of seizing 
it. They were defeated by the pacha of Belgrade, and So¬ 
leiman made himself master, almost without striking a 
blow, of the city which was the object of contention. 
The Turkish emperor received at Constantinople an em¬ 
bassy from Francis I. of France, who solicited his assistance 
against Charles V. proposed an alliance offensive and defen¬ 
sive, offered to unite his forces with those of the Porte, and 
to give Barbarossa free admittance into the French ports, 
whenever he should come thither with the Ottoman fleet. 
Proposals were made to the Venetians to enter into this con¬ 
federacy, for the purpose of humbling the house of Austria ; 
but that republic deemed it more prudent to remain neutral 
than to involve itself in a new war by which it could have 
nothing to gain. 
In 1543, a Turkish fleet commanded by Barbarossa, ap¬ 
peared off the coast of Messina, took Reggio, passed Ostia 
and struck terror into Rome, which cursed a Christian prince 
for contracting an alliance with Mussulmans. This fleet 
cruized along the coasts of Tuscany and Genoa without com¬ 
mitting any depredations, and on reaching Marseilles, joined 
the French fleet and laid siege to Nice, which belonged to 
the Duke of Savoy an ally of Charles V. This town, after 
an honourable resistance, surrendered to the French to avoid 
the horrors of pillage. The Ottomans, offended at this ca¬ 
pitulation, paid no regard to it, rushed into the town, which 
they plundered; then returned on board their ships and 
sailed for Constantinople. 
Sole'iman, the conqueror, soon had occasion to bedew his 
laurels with his tears. He lost the best beloved of his sons, 
one of the children borne him by Rochena, his favourite 
sultana, whom Christian authors call Roxalana. On this 
occasion he founded a mosque, schools, and a hospital, and 
liberated a great number of slaves of both sexes. Soon after 
he married Roxalana. Mustapha, the emperor’s eldest son, 
was aware what he had to fear from this ambitious female, 
who contrary to all laws and usages had contrived to raise 
herself to the rank of empress, and would no doubt strive to 
transfer the sceptre to her children to the prejudice of the 
rightful heir. 
Rustam, the vizir, a creature of Roxalana*s, soured the 
mind of the sultan, and excited his jealousy, by his pompous 
panegyrics on Mustapha. Roxalana led Sole'iman to believe, 
that his son was in league with the king of Persia, and he 
was to marry the daughter of monarch, and designed to 
declare himself independent. To prevent the success of the 
pretended conspiracy, Sole'iman dispatched his vizir with an 
army to Syria. Rustam endeavoured but in vain to draw 
Mustapha to his camp. Soleiman repaired in person to Asia, 
and commanded his son to come and clear himself from the 
suspicions which were entertained of his designs The young 
prince, though he had avoided Rustam’s snares, would not 
disobey his father, and appeared before him. Djehanguyr, a 
son of Roxalana, alarmed in the highest degree for his brother, 
vainly attempted to skreen him from the sultan’s cruelty; 
and finding that it was not in his power to preserve him, he 
resolved at least to share his fate. They were parted; and 
Mustapha, being disarmed, was strangled at the feet of his 
father. Djehanguyr entered, and, at the sight of the corpse 
of a brother whom he so dearly loved, he drew his poniard, 
and addressing the sultan : “Monster,” cried he, “neither 
you nor my guilty mother deserve such children as we”— 
he stabbed himself to the heart, fell, and expired on the body 
of Mustapha. This fatal catastrophe filled the army with 
horror, and Rustam was obliged to withdraw himself by 
flight from the public indignation. Mustapha had a sou 
who was likewise sacrificed by Roxalana. It was not till after 
the death of this fury, that Sole'iman discovered Mustapha’s 
innocence and the perfidious character of Bajazet her favorite 
son. The latter at length threw aside the mask, levied an army, 
and marched against his brother Selym, who was. com¬ 
mander-in-chief of the sultan’s troops. The rebel prince was 
defeated and fled to Prusa, where he was overtaken by the 
condemnation pronounced by Soleiman, and put to death 
with all his children. 
The 
