TURKEY. 
Commotions having broken out in Transylvania, Kiu- 
perly prepared to lead a powerful force into that country, 
when death overtook him at Adrianople, where he had per¬ 
suaded his master to fix his residence. The young prince, 
sensible how serviceable Kiuperly had been to his authority, 
in 1661 appointed his son, Achmet Kiuperly, to the post of 
grand-vizir, as much from choice as gratitude. By a ju¬ 
dicious mixture of mildness and severity, this minister 
caused himself to be as much respected as his father had 
been before him. 
The troubles in Transylvania continued. The emperors 
of the east and west each of them appointed several way- 
wodes to govern that country ; the two powers, being unable 
to adjust their differences by a treaty, prepared for war. The 
Ottoman armies approached the frontiers of Hungary; but 
the emperor of Germany sent, for thedefenceof that country, 
the celebrated Montecuculli, whose experience and resources 
were of more value than a numerous army. The great 
object of this able general was to conceal from the enemy 
the small number of his troops, which he had distributed 
along the Danube to defend the passage of the river, which 
he seemed to multiply by marches and counter-marches. 
Kiuperly commenced operations with the siege of Neu- 
hausel, which he took on the 27th of September 1663. He 
then divided his cavalry, composed of spahvs and tymariots, 
into several detachments, and sent them to ravage the 
Austrian dominions to the very gates of Presburg and Vienna. 
Levents, Novigrad and Nitra surrendered almost without 
resistance, and the grand-vizir was foiled only before the 
fortress of Scinta. Consternation pervaded Vienna. The 
representation of the emperor Leopold to the diet procured 
him some troops from the circles; but there was no har¬ 
mony among the different corps; and till Montecuculli 
took the command of this army it was without con¬ 
fidence and without discipline. That general, apprized 
by his spies of every motion of the Turks, removed 
his head-quarters towards St. Gothard, and from that 
point covered alike both Styria and Austria. Kiuperly, 
having already attempted in vain the passage of the Raab, 
far out of sight of the hostile army, found that he could not 
accomplish his purpose by open force. On the 1st of Au¬ 
gust, 1664, the Austrians encamped on the opposite side of 
the river, suffered fifteen thousand Turks to cross, and then 
charged them with fury. The janissaries and spahys threw 
themselves into the river to hasten to the assistance of their 
comrades; their valour long rendered victory doubtful, but 
it was at length won by the efforts of the Austrians, and 
above all by the talents of their general. The loss of the 
Turks amounted to twenty-one thousand men, while that of 
the Imperialists was estimated at only four thousand. The 
sultan was the more keenly mortified by this defeat, as he 
had calculated upon a victory, and, on the assurance he had 
received from Kiuperly, had given directions for magnificent 
rejoicings which were turned to mourning. The consterna¬ 
tion extended to the divan, which advised the speedy con¬ 
clusion of peace. 
Montecuculli, following up his victory, was pursuing the 
Turks in their retreat, when he received orders to suspend 
hostilities, and was informed that the Porte had made pro¬ 
posals for peace. A treaty w'as actually negociated on con¬ 
ditions that were hard for the Hungarians alone. The defeat 
which Kiuperly had sustained occasioned no diminution of 
his influence, since the treaty was advantageous to the 
Ottomans, who retained some of their conquests. 
The war in Candia still continued, though the Turks, after 
being for twenty years in possession of Canea and Relino, 
had made no farther progress. Kiuperly directed his view's 
towards the reduction of Candia, the capital of the island. 
The Venetians had made such additions to the fortifications 
of that city, that the harbour was absolutely inaccessible. 
They had drawn together for the defence of the place a great 
number of volunteers of all nations, and French gentlemen 
in particular. The war in Candia has been compared with 
the Trojan war; it resembled the latter in its duration and 
150 
in the briskness of the last siege, which continued upwards 
of two years, and was one of the most bloody recorded in 
history. Military engineering was there carried to a high 
pitch of perfection, and all the efforts of the Turks failed 
against the improved art of defence. One hundred and ten 
thousand men had already perished before this fortress; but 
the Turkish army was incessantly receiving fresh reinforce¬ 
ments, while the irreparable losses of the Christians amounted 
to thirty-one thousand. Louis XIV. had promised farther 
succours in men and money, which had even sailed from 
Toulon, when a Greek, drogoman to the Porte, invented a 
falsehood most calumnious to France, to induce the Venetians 
to capitulate. This treacherous Greek declared, that he had 
seen a letter from the French minister, in which Louis XIV. 
promised to join the Porte; adding, that the expected suc¬ 
cours were destined to strengthen the Ottoman fleet. Accord¬ 
ingly, the following day, six vessels under French colours 
were seen entering the harbour of the Turks. These ships 
were French only in appearance, and had been detached the 
preceding night from the Turkish squadron. Consternation 
did not the less pervade the feeble remnant of the defenders 
of Candia; and the grand-vizir having offered Morosini, 
the governor, an honourable capitulation, that officer deemed 
it prudent to accept it, on the 16th of September, 1669. The 
prisoners were liberated on both sides, andjthe Venetians 
evacuated Candia, leaving to the conquerors the ruins of a 
city without inhabitants. 
The news of this important capture, which terminated the 
war, filled the whole Ottoman empire with exultation. 
Great [rejoicings were made, and Kiuperly, after adopting 
measures for repeopling the ruined city, returned to Adrian¬ 
ople, where he was hailed with universal acclamations. 
Mahomet received about this time an embassy highly 
honourable to the Porte. The cossacks of the Ukraine, 
vassals of Poland, and smarting under its yoke, solicited the 
protection of the emperor of the east. A fetva of the mufty 
declared it lawful to attack Poland, unless that power should 
grant a durable peace to the Cossacks, the allies of Turkey. 
The emperor set out in person at the head of a powerful 
army, marched through Transylvania and Wallachia, crossed 
the Dniester and entered Podolia, where Kiuperly resolved to 
lay siege to Kaminieck, the capital of the province. 
Poland was at this juncture distracted by civil broils; 
Michael and Sobieski contended for the crown. The latter 
opposed an army of Tartars which, in concert with the 
Ottomans, were ravaging the country. He defeated them 
several times, but could not prevent Kaminieck, one of the 
strongest fortresses in Europe, from falling into the hands of 
Mahomet, on the 22d of August, 1672. Kiuperly then ad¬ 
vanced towards Leopoldstadt, which made but a feeble re¬ 
sistance. King Michael, trembling in Lublin, where he had 
shut himself up, was jealous of Sobieski’s victories, and 
unwilling that the country should owe its salvation to him. 
The loss of Leopoldstadt induced him to listen to the pro¬ 
posals of the Turks, and he concluded a hasty peace. 
The indignant Sobieski exclaimed against this infamous 
treaty, which he regarded as null and void, and advanced 
toward Khoczim, on the right bank of the Dniester, where 
the enemy had^fortified themselves. He attacked them, 
destroyed a bridge to intercept their retreat, penetrated into 
their camp, through which he spread dismay, and drove 
them from it. The Turks lost great numbers in crossing the 
river, and retired in disorder towards Kaminieck. Sobieski 
summoned the citadel of Khoczim to surrender, and allowed 
the garrison to march out with the honours of war. This 
able general was then advancing at the head of his victorious 
army, when he received intelligence of Michael’s death. 
This event saved Kaminieck. Sobieski, being called away 
to Warsaw on more important business, was elevated to the 
throne of Poland, which he had so valiantly defended. 
Kiuperly knew too well with whom he had to deal not to 
reinforce his army. He ordered the Tartars to march to¬ 
wards the Ukraine, and selected from among the janissaries 
twelve thousand serdengielclidis (men devoted to death) cor¬ 
responding 
