162 
TURKEY. 
longer, and (hat it would therefore be wise to wait till she 
was reduced to the necessity of soliciting a disadvantageous 
peace. 
The ensuing campaign was by no means brisk. The Vene¬ 
tians made vain attempts to recover the island of Candia. 
Several vizirs were successively appointed and removed. The 
Porte was dispirited, when a circumstance, in itself of little 
importance, but which now occurred for the first time in 
the Ottoman house, was considered as the forerunner of 
some great victory: a sultana was delivered of twin princes. 
The death of Mahomet IV., brother of the sultan, did not 
interrupt the rejoicings occasioned by this event. No better 
success, however, attended the Ottoman arms. The Poles 
defeated the Turks, united with the Tartars of the Crimea; 
and the Venetians took Chio and two towns in Dalmatia. 
The pachas of Asia had to oppose the sheryf of Mecca, who 
plundered the caravans of pilgrims, and compelled them to 
pay him a kind of tribute. Such was the state of affairs 
when the sultan died on the 27th of January, 1695, at the 
age of fifty years. 
1695—1702.— Mustapha II.—Mustapha, son of Ma¬ 
homet IV., was no sooner informed of the death of his uncle, 
than he showed himself to the bostandjys and itchoghlans, 
and ascended the throne as the eldest prince of the house of 
Othman. He summoned the great dignitaries of the empire, 
received from them the oath of allegiance, demanded an ac¬ 
count of the sums in the public exchequer, and declared his 
intention of heading his armies in person. This prince, 
thirty-three years of age, had a commanding figure and a 
despotic disposition. He took his father’s creatures into his 
service, removed his mother from the old seraglio, in which 
she had been confined, displaced the mufty and the other 
unfaithful minister, put to death the grand-vizir, and seized 
the wealth amassed by those officers. He made himself 
feared alike by the divan and the army, and proved that he 
was fond of order, and had discernment enough to select 
men worthy of commanding. He attached to his service a 
Tunisian pirate, named Mezzomorto, who promised to re¬ 
take Chio from the Venetians, provided he were furnished 
with a few ships. The sultan complied with the proposal ; 
and this enterprising man defeated the Venetian fleet, ac¬ 
tually reduced Chio, and was rewarded by Mustapha with 
the appointment of capitan-pacha 
Mustapha assumed the command of his troops, agreeably 
to his intimation, and marched to meet the German general, 
Frederic Augustus, elector of Saxony. He established strict 
discipline in his army, crossed the Danube at Belgrade, took 
Lippa and Titul, which he demolished, and routed a small 
Transylvanian force; but this action cost him a great num¬ 
ber of troops. He left the enemy to retreat without moles¬ 
tation, and returned through Wallachia to Adrianople, which 
he entered in triumph in 1696. 
In the following campaign, Frederic Augustus laid siege 
to Temesvar. The sultan resolved to raise it or to give 
battle, and accomplished both purposes at once, but with¬ 
out pursuing his advantages. The German emperor was too 
fully engaged with France to act with vigour against Turkey; 
he therefore ordered the elector of Saxony to stand on the 
defensive. Peter the Great, czar of Muscovy, who had pre¬ 
viously laid siege, but without success, to Azof, took that 
place with the assistance of foreign engineers. This import¬ 
ant conquest secured to the Russians the commerce of the 
Black Sea, and set bounds to the power of the Turks in that 
quarter. 
The sultan, having learned by his own experience the in¬ 
dispensable necessity of discipline and tactics, endeavoured 
to habituate the janissaries to obey the word of command, 
according to the rules of the military art: but the janissaries 
never would learn any new evolutions. 
The peace concluded between France and the allied 
powers might reasonably have been expected to produce a 
cessation of hostilities between the Porte and Austria. Mus¬ 
tapha, nevertheless, prepared to prosecute the war. He 
opened the campaign early in 1697, with a numerous army, 
and approached Temeswar, when news arrived that prince 
Eugene, who had already acquired great celebrity, was ad¬ 
vancing to cover Segedin, Peterwaradin, and the other 
places situated both on the Danube and on the Teisse, which 
discharges itself into the former river. That prince had, 
however, resolved to avoid a battle as much as possible. 
The Turks would have been obliged to cross the Danube 
before they could attack Peterwaradin. The sultan having 
changed his plan and turned toward Segedin, on the 1st of 
September, 1697, prince Eugene came up with the Turkish 
army, near a town called Zeuta, cut in pieces the rear¬ 
guard, struck a panic into the main army, and forced the 
sultan to cross the Teisse in haste by a flying bridge. Half 
of the Turkish army had already passed the river, when the 
Germans made their appearance: the Ottomans were obliged 
to face about; at this moment the bridge broke down, and 
the Imperialists had to fight but a portion of the enemy’s 
force, whose retreat was cut off. They did not allow them 
time to rally, and charged them with such vigour and con- 
cert, that they drove them into the river. Twenty thousand 
Turks perished on the field of battle, and ten thousand were 
drowned. The grand-vizir and seventeen pachas having 
fallen while fighting bravely, the seals of the empire fell into 
the hands of the Austrian general, together with the sultan’s 
tent and all the rich effects which the Turks had left in their 
camp. Several carts were found loaded with chains and 
handcuffs, destined for the prisoners whom the Ottomans 
calculated upon taking. 
Mustapha himself witnessed this catastrophe. The rage 
which it at first excited in him, was suddenly changed into 
terror and despair. Throwing oft’ in the night the insignia 
of sovereignty, he disguised himself and fled from the camp 
with two attendants. He proceeded to Temesvar, where he 
made himself known to the sandjac, or governor of the town 
only, enjoining him to keep his arrival a profound secret. 
Three days afterwards, the Turkish army, farther diminished 
by the want of provisions (the soldiers having had nothing 
to eat for three days), and by the fatigues of a forced march, 
re-assembled in great confusion in the camp of Temesvar. 
Notwithstanding the defeats which the emperor had sus¬ 
tained through his own fault, he was beloved and esteemed 
by the troops. They received him with strong demon¬ 
strations of joy; he put himself at their head, and after 
distributing the different corps in the frontier towns, he re¬ 
turned to Adrianople, and thence to his capital, which was 
plunged in despondency. 
Prince Eugene meanwhile ravaged Bosnia, and burned 
Sara!, the capital of that province, the govenor of which had 
been slain in a sally ; but the troops elected another pacha, 
who found means to check the progress of the Germans. 
Preparations for a new campaign were making with con¬ 
siderable difficulty; nothing was to be heard but complaints 
and anticipations of future disasters. Maurocordato had the 
address to bring about conferences between the plenipo¬ 
tentiaries of Austria, Venice, Poland and Russia- The French 
ambassador, M. de Ferioles, endeavoured in vain to thwart the 
negociations. The plenipotentiaries repaired to Carlowitz 
on the 14th of November, 1698, and the treaty was 
signed on the 29th of January in the ensuing year. The 
Turks ceded Transylvania to the emperor and agreed to 
a truce of twenty-five years with that prince. The truce 
with the czar was for two years only, and the Venetians 
retained part of their conquests. On the conclusion 
of this so much wished for general peace, the grand-signor 
retired to a palace erected by Mahomet IV., between Con¬ 
stantinople and Adrianople. 
Mustapha’s residence at a place where his father had so 
long resigned himself to indolence and pleasure, excited 
the murmurs of the people, who loudly censured the peace 
purchased by the sacrifice of the finest provinces. Some 
disorders in the administration caused an insurrection at 
Constantinople. The soldiers appointed new ministers, 
quitted the capital under arms, and marched toward Adrian¬ 
ople, where the grand-signor had taken refuge. The 
sultan ordered his troops to advance against the rebels; but 
no sooner had the two parties met, than the former, seduced 
