178 T U R 
immense treasures of the Albanian tyrant: an army had 
collected at Larissa to invade the Peloponnesus, while a for¬ 
midable fleet was ready to leave the Dardanelles. 
On the arrival of the president from Hydra, where he had 
proceeded, to urge the necessity of sending divisions of the 
fleet towards the Dardanelles and gulph of Lepanto, a system 
of order and activity commenced, which had been hitherto 
unknown in the confederation. As to the spirit which 
animated the new government, it might be easily traced in 
the decrees which followed the transfer to Corinth. It was 
while the Porte was meditating fresh scenes of vengeance, 
and preparing to attack Greece by sea and land, that a de¬ 
cree was issued to abolish slavery, as well as the sale of the 
Turkish prisoners who should henceforth fall into their hands, 
which was interdicted under the severest penalties, and or¬ 
dering that they should be treated as those of the most 
civilized countries. Another edict regulated the compensa¬ 
tions for military service, as also the provision to be made 
for the widows and orphans of those who should fall in 
battle: while a third established a regular system of internal 
administration for the provinces. 
Menaced on every side by forces so infinitely superior in 
number to their own, and headed by the most able of the 
infidel chiefs, the necessity of organizing the army on the 
European system, now became more apparent than ever. 
Although the means of effecting this great object were so 
slender, still it was of importance to make a beginning: a 
corps to be styled the first regiment of the line was therefore 
formed, and many of the officers were selected from the 
volunteers who had joined the Christian standard from the 
west of Europe. There being, however, a much larger num¬ 
ber of these than was required, they were embodied into a 
second corps, which assumed the name of Philhellenes. The 
organization and command of the regular troops were en¬ 
trusted to General Normann, a distinguished German officer, 
who had just arrived from Marseilles with a number of 
volunteers. 
In the mean time, Ipsilanti and Nikitas had gone towards 
Zetouni: a second corps of three thousand men was sent to 
re-establish the blockade of Patrass, under Colocotroni; and 
a smaller body of troops was detached to Athens, under 
Colonel Voutier, a Frenchman, in order to reduce the Acro¬ 
polis of that place. An addition was also made to the force 
before Napoli di Romania, and every precaution adopted to 
secure its blockade by sea. As to the garrisons of Modon 
and Coron, they continued to be closely invested by the 
armed peasantry of the neighbouring villages. 
The commencement of the second campaign for the eman¬ 
cipation of Greece, was marked by an event at once the 
most atrocious and terrific that the historians of the present 
age will have to record. It is scarcely necessary to name 
the desolation of Scio, and massacre of its ill-fated inhabi¬ 
tants. This fertile and beautiful island, the chosen asylum of 
modem Greek learning, not less distinguished for the wealth 
and industry, than the hospitable urbanity of the natives, 
had long been singled out as an object of spoliation and 
vengeance by the infidels, who only waited for a pretext, no 
matter how trifling, to carry their nefarious design into ex¬ 
ecution. 
The people of Scio had been remarkable for their peace¬ 
able habits and quiet submission to the Porte, ever since the 
capture of Constantinople, and although not less interested in 
the regeneration of Greece, than the rest of their country¬ 
men, they declined taking any part in the revolt when it 
first broke out. The commercial relations of the island were 
more complicated and extensive than those of any other part 
of the confederation ; there being scarcely a capital of 
Europe without some establishments kept by Sciot mer¬ 
chants, while a very large portion of their wealth was locked 
up at Constantinople and Smyrna; the trade between these 
two cities being almost exclusively conducted by them. 
Possessing such ample means of ministering to the avarice of 
their tyrants, the civil government had long been confided to 
the elders, whose administration was of the most paternal 
description. What with its palaces, country houses and 
KEY. 
gardens, its colleges and general state of improvement, Scio 
presented so striking a contrast to the other islands of the 
Archipelago, that travellers could hardly be persuaded it was 
under the same dominion. 
In the beginning of May, 1821, the appearance of a small 
squadron of Ipsariots off the coast, furnished the Aga or mili¬ 
tary governor, with a pretence for seizing forty of the elders and 
bishops, and shutting them up in the castle as hostages for the 
good conduct of the people. A large body of troops was 
brought from the neighbouring coast of Asia Minor: as in the 
other islands, the arrival of these lawless hordes was attended 
with every species of irregularity and excess. In addition to nu¬ 
merous assassinations, and plundering the most wealthy in¬ 
habitants, all the provisions that could be found were seized 
for the use of the garrison, while new imposts were levied to 
pay the troops and Pacha, who had led them to the island. 
It was not until Scio had been a whole year exposed to a 
system like the above, and when it seemed impossible any 
longer to bear up against it, that any attempt was made to 
rouse the people to resistance. Two adventurers, named 
Burnia and Logotheti, without any previous commu¬ 
nication with the provisional government, and merely to 
gratify views of personal ambition, concerted a plan of re¬ 
volt. Landing from Samos on the 17th and 18th of March, 
at different points of the island, with a very small number of 
followers, they called upon the people to join them. Aware 
of the disastrous consequences which must follow this unex¬ 
pected descent, the elders who were still at large made every 
effort to prevent the peasantry from taking any part in the in¬ 
surrection. In the meanwhile, a strong detachment of 
cavalry was sent out by the Pacha, to oppose the Greeks, 
and on the 22d the number of hostages already in the 
citadel were doubled, the victims being selected from the 
most opulent and distinguished inhabitants. 
The Turks set forward, but perceiving that the Greeks 
determined to resist, they immediately retreated towards the 
town, pursued by the former, till they were at length forced 
to shut themselves up in the castle: thus leaving the Greeks 
in full possession of the open country. Encouraged by their 
success, Burnia and Logotheti appealed once more to the 
people, and a few hundred peasants flocked to their standard, 
many of these being merely provided with sticks for their 
defence. It was, however, soon discovered, that there were 
really no means of arming the people to any extent, and 
that the expedition was itself but badly armed, as well as 
totally unprovided with cannon. Convinced, on the other 
hand, that union and perseverance could alone save them, 
several plans of organization were adopted, and had the 
Greek fleet anticipated the arrival of the Pacha, there was 
every reason to hope the inhabitants would have been en¬ 
abled to prevent the catastrophe which followed his appear¬ 
ance. This event took place on the 23d of April, when a 
fleet of fifty sail, including five of the line, anchored in the 
bay, and immediately began to bombard the town, while 
several thousand troops were landed under the guns of the 
citadel, which also opened a heavy fire on the Greeks. It 
was in vain for the islanders to make any resistance: de¬ 
serted by the Samians, most of whom embarked and sailed 
away when the Turkish fleet hove in sight, they were easily 
overpowered, and obliged to fly. Having massacred every 
soul, whether men, women, or children, whom they found 
in the town, the Turks first plundered and then set fire to it, 
and watched the flames until not a house was left except 
those of the foreign consuls. The only exception made 
during the massacre, was in favour of young women and 
boys, who were preserved only to be afterwards sold as 
slaves. 
About forty thousand of both sexes had already either 
fallen victims to the sword, or been selected for sale in the 
bazaars, when it occurred to the Pacha, that no time should 
be lost in persuading those who had fled to the more inac¬ 
cessible parts of the island to lay down their arms and sub¬ 
mit. It being impossible to effect this by force, they had 
recourse to a favourite experiment with Mussulmen—that of 
proclaiming an amnesty. In order that no doubt should be 
entertained 
