TURKEY. 
185 
immediately repaired to the seat of government, then at 
Napoli, to communicate the circumstance, and to know its 
pleasure; the result was, that he received full powers to treat 
with the garrison, and he returned for this purpose; but 
Colocotroni and one or two other chiefs, happening to 
hear of the intended negociation, repaired to the spot, with a 
view, it is said, of participating in the spoils. No sooner, 
however, did the Turks hear of this, than a flag of truce was 
instantly sent to inform Staico, that they would only open 
the gates to himself and Giorgaki Kizzo. As it was in vain 
to think of reducing the Acropolis by force, there was now 
no alternative but that of acceding to their wishes: a mes¬ 
senger was therefore dispatched for the Souliote chief, who 
arrived soon after, and entered the Acrocorinthus, on con¬ 
dition that the Turks might be permitted to depart. This 
being accorded, they were embarked on board some Austrian 
vessels, and conveyed to Asia Minor. 
The town of Anatolica was closely invested by the Pacha 
of Scutari early in October, he having previously received 
large reinforcements and being joined from Lepanou by 
Omer Vrioni. Constantine Bozzaris, unable to cope with 
such a force as that now brought forward, quitted his post at 
the bridge of Kerasova, and retired to this town to prepare for 
the Pacha's reception. 
Having established several batteries composed of mortars 
and eighteen-pounders, the Turks continued to fire shells 
and shot into the place for above three weeks, during which 
they frequently summoned the inhabitants to surrender, but 
were invariably answered by a brisk cannonade from the 
few guns which had been mounted in great haste when the 
enemy appeared, and discharges of musketry. Warned by 
the result of the attempt to assault Messolunghi, the ex¬ 
periment was not repeated, and having expended the whole 
of their shot and shells, as well as exhausted their stock of 
provisions, the Turks retreated in their usual disorder on the 
19th of November, leaving behind a number of guns, and a 
considerable quantity of baggage. The loss of the infidels 
in the various sorties made from the town, was above four 
hundred, while the Greeks had only about fifty killed and 
wounded, although the number of shot and shells thrown 
into the town was estimated at no less than two thousand 
six hundred: as the Turks were also frequently harrassed in 
the rear, by parties from the mountains, or who sallied forth 
from Messolunghi, the number of their killed is probably 
under-rated. It should be added, that an epidemic fever 
carried off above twelve hundred of the Pacha’s army be¬ 
tween the period of its defeat at Carpenisa and that of his 
retreat. The reason for attacking Anatolica was, that its 
possession would have enabled the Turks to assail Messo¬ 
lunghi by sea. Three gun-boats had even been prepared by 
the Pacha, but when completed, he could not prevail on 
any person to embark in them, and they were accordingly 
burnt by his own orders. Nothing could exceed the cool 
and determined bravery of the defenders of Anatolica, of 
whom a hundred and fifty swore a solemn oath to each 
other before the attack commenced, that they would bury 
themselves under its ruins, rather than surrender. 
Such was the end of the third campaign; and such 
the fate of the formidable armies collected by the Pachas 
of §cutari and Thessaly. 
1824.—Hitherto the Greeks had struggled valiantly against 
their oppressors; but the civil dissentions which had partially 
appeared among their chiefs, threatened now more omin¬ 
ously than the sword of the Ottoman, the safety of Greece. 
The authority of the legislative body was denied and insulted 
by the military leaders, who had possessed themselves of 
nearly all the executive functions of the state. At the head 
of this faction stood Colocotroni, who had established him¬ 
self at Tripolizza. His son, Panos, or Panegiola Colocotroni, 
commanded at Napoli di Romania, and Corinth was gar¬ 
risoned by a band of his followers. Of this faction, Mavro 
Michalis, Andrew Metuxa, and Perouk were also members. 
The senate, which had removed its sittings from Argos to 
Cranidi, impeached the members of the executive council 
Vol. XXIV. No. 1636. 
above named, of divers crimes and misdemeanors, omitting, 
however, the name of Colocotroni in the accusation, though 
he was known to be the prime mover. The council was dis¬ 
solved, and others appointed to succeed them. This pro¬ 
ceeding brought on great commotions: Panos Colocotroni 
refused to open the gates of Napoli to the senate, at the 
same time Colocotroni himself affected to assemble another 
senate at Tripolizza. After much angry discussion, these 
differences were adjusted. 
None of these unworthy dissentions had yet appeared in 
western Greece. About the latter end of the last year. 
Lord Byron had arrived at Messolunghi, with the avowed 
intention of devoting his life and fortune to the further¬ 
ance of Greek independence. His fortune, however, was 
scanty; his life, however valueless he might affect to hold 
it, was never exposed to the perils of actual warfare; his 
manners were moreover not at all conciliating, and for poli¬ 
tical or military business, he had neither the inclination nor 
the capacity. Nevertheless his name and his eloquence 
gained him the greatest popularity, and his death, which took 
place on the 7th of April, threw a gloom over the whole of 
Greece : the greatest homage was paid to his memory. Mean¬ 
while the Turks were preparing to open a fourth campaign 
against their insurgent subjects. Dervish Pacha of Widdin, 
commanded the army destined to act against the Morea. 
A large Turkish fleet left the Dardanelles, commanded by the 
Capitan Pacha, under orders to proceed to Scala Nova, 
where a large Turkish force was collected, and thence to 
the attack of Ipsara and Samos. The divan had also the 
greatest expectations from the co-operation of Mahomed 
Ali, the Pacha of Egypt, who had long been busily em¬ 
ployed in fitting out an expedition. An army of 25,000 men 
was assembled at Cairo, and many transports, principally 
furnished by Austrian, Spanish, and Italian merchants, waited 
to convey them against Greece; when a fire breaking out at 
Cairo, destroyed much of their stores and ammunition, and 
for the present delayed the expedition. The movements of 
the Seraskier, Dervish Pacha, had been delayed by dissentions 
among the inferior pachas, and he durst not put his troops 
in motion till he heard that the Capitan Pacha had appeared 
offNegropont. A part of his first army under Bekir Pacha, 
was beaten by the Greeks on the 20th of May; another di¬ 
vision succeeded in forming a junction with the Turkish 
force at Negropont, whence they poured into Attica, and 
forced the Greeks to take refuge in the Acropolis. Ishmael 
Gibralter at this time appeared with the Egyptian fleet off 
the coast of Candia, where he effected a landing, and reduced 
that island. He also took the island of Casso, and massacred 
nearly all the inhabitants. 
The Capitan Pacha, Chosrew, proceeded to attack Ispara. 
He had with him a fleet of two sail of the line, six frigates, 
ten corvettes, a large flotilla of gun-boats, and nearly one 
hundred transports, furnished in this instance, also, it would 
seem almost exclusively by Christian owners, Austrian and 
Russian, and on board of which was a force of 14,000 picked 
troops. The island was surrounded on all sides by the fleet; 
and while their ships of war opened a fire upon the town, 
the Turks effected a landing on the opposite side of the 
island, on a point, the defences of which guarded by an 
Albanian battalion, the cowardice or treason of which suf¬ 
fered the Mussulmans to execute their debarkation without 
interruption. By this means they were enabled to take all 
the Ipsariot works in the flank, and the event of the contest 
could scarcely now be doubtful. The clergy and ephori, 
with a great part of the old men, women, and children, im- 
mediately sought refuge on board of such vessels as they could 
find; many of which were so crowded with the fugitives 
that they sunk before they arrived out of sight of the coast. 
The rest made the best of their way to Hydra. The pacha’s 
force then, effected a landing, and attacked the town on all 
sides; it was defended street by street, and house by house 
by the inhabitants, with a most desperate courage; but the 
numbers of the enemy prevailed; before dark they had made 
themselves masters of the place, and the night was spent in 
3 B pillage 
