191 
T U R 
sion of the Janissaries, as before mentioned. Ibrahim's 
best soldiers.were cut to pieces before Tripolizza, and his 
supplies cut off by Petrova, general of the Arcadians. On 
the other hand Redschid Pacha, after the fall of the Mes- 
solunghi, had undertaken an expedition against Athens. 
He set out with 20,000 men, but that number was dimi¬ 
nished during their dangerous passage. He arrived, however, 
and commenced an assault, and took part of the town. 
But Colonel Fabvier, and the Roumeliote chief, Karaiski 
were despatched from Napoli; they attacked the rear of 
the enemy on the 18th of August, and cut oft" 3,000 or 4,000 
Turks. 
The Turkish army soon, however, received reinforcements, 
and obtained possession of all Athens, except the Acropolis. 
This held out bravely for a long time, and the government 
turned its attention very earnestly for its relief. An expe¬ 
dition was planned, of which Lord Cochrane was to take the 
command of the navy, and General Church of the land 
troops. A sudden attack was to be made by these combined 
forces, while Karaiski and the other Greek leaders endea¬ 
voured to force a passage into the city, and relieve the garrison 
of the Acropolis. The Greeks, however, had miscalculated 
the force of the enemy. They forgot also that they had to 
pass a vast plain, highly favourable to the movements of the 
Turkish cavalry, and where they were certain of being 
attacked, if the Pacha were apprised of their approach. This 
disaster happened : 3,000 Greek troops were landed safely 
by day-break on the promontory of Colias, on the 5th of 
May, 1827 ; they were shortly met by the Turks, who were 
in the first instance repulsed; as, however, the Greeks ad¬ 
vanced they found themselves completely surrounded. 
The action only lasted from eight till ten in the morning; 
but the defeat of the Greeks was so complete that they lost 
2,000 men, including the brave Karaiski and six other ge¬ 
nerals, together with several standards and pieces of cannon. 
But few returned to the vessels, the remainder dispersing 
among the mountains. So sudden was their flight that Lord 
Cochrane was obliged to swim to a vessel a short distance 
from the shore. Ibrahim Pacha now had an opportunity 
to join Reschid Pacha, and march by the way of Patras to 
Corinth. Meanwhile, Athens surrendered to the Turks, and 
a war of extermination commenced. In this sad posture 
of affairs, the great European powers were at length induced 
to interfere actively, and England, France and Russia 
signed a treaty between each other, and offered to the Ot¬ 
toman Porte their mediation, with a view to bring about 
a reconciliation between them and the Greeks. The pro¬ 
posal to the Porte was ; that the Greeks should hold of the 
Sultan as of a superior lord, and pay him an annual tribute, 
the amount to be permanently fixed by common agreement; 
that the Greeks should be governed by authorities of their 
own choosing; but in the nomination of which the Porte 
should have a determinate voice. To bring about a complete 
separation of the individuals of the two nations, the Greeks 
were to enter upon possession of Turkish property, either on 
the continent or isles of Greece, on condition of indemnify¬ 
ing the former proprietors. This treaty was signed at London 
on the 6th day of July, 1827. A secret article further bound 
the high contracting powers to use every available means of 
enforcing the conditions laid down in the treaty; and in con¬ 
sequence, instructions were sent to the admirals of the several 
powers in the Levant seas how to act, should the above terms 
be disregarded by either the Turks or Greeks. A report was 
now spread that the Grand Signorintended offering a complete 
amnesty to the Greeks, to render all interference needless. This 
rumour was speedily put to silence by a manifesto issued by the 
Porte, protesting against the interference of the Christian 
powers; and at the same time promulgating the curious fact, 
that at the congress of Verona, some of the Christian powers 
had offered assistance to Turkey, to subjugate her rebellious 
Greek subjects, which assistance the Porte refused, as incon¬ 
sistent with its duties and dignity. The treaty of London 
was formally presented to the Reis Effendi on the 16th of 
August, by the ambassadors of the three powers* S. Can- 
K E Y. 
ning, C.jGuilleminot, and Ribeaupierre, accompanied by 
a message intimating that they should expect a final answer 
at the end of fifteen days. The stipulated time having ex¬ 
pired, the dragomans of the three embassies, Desgrange, F. 
Pisani, and Franchini, were sent to receive the answer of 
the Reis Effendi. It was given verbally, in the most deci¬ 
ded manner, refusing to admit the interference of foreign 
powers in the affairs of Greece. On the following day the 
ambassadors met again, and sent another note by their dra¬ 
gomans, distinctly stating, that the terms of the treaty must 
be complied with ; and in case of further refusal on the part 
of the Porte, that measures would be taken to enforce the 
same. The Reis Effendi replied promptly and firmly, that 
it was the determination of the Porte to abide by its first 
decision. The ambassadors consulted together again on 
the 4th of September, and finding their remonstrances to¬ 
tally disregarded, they considered negociation at an end ; 
and in consequence, demanded their passports on the follow¬ 
ing day. About this time an Egyptian expedition entered 
the port of Navarino, consisting of nearly 100 sail of trans¬ 
ports, with 5,000 troops on board. On the 10th of Sep¬ 
tember the three ambassadors signified to the subjects of 
each power, the necessity of quitting the Turkish capital; 
but the Sultan at the same time informed the ambassadors, 
through the Reis Effendi, that the negociations might be 
renewed, if they related to Greece. 
On the 26th the Admirals Codrington and Rigny re¬ 
paired to the tent of Ibrahim, and declared to him, that as 
the Porte had refused to accede to the proposals of the allied 
powers, they were ordered to bring about an armistice, and 
to destroy the forces that should oppose it. The Pacha an¬ 
swered, that as servant of the Porte he had been instructed 
to push the war in the Morea, and to finish by a decisive at¬ 
tack on Hydra; that he did not feel authorized by his present 
instructions to negociate in this extraordinary case; but that 
he would dispatch couriers immediately to Constantinople 
and Egypt: he also gave his word that his fleet should not 
quit Navarino until his courier’s return. At this time thirty- 
two Turkish ships, loaded with troops, were cruizing before 
Navarino, and eighty others were in the port. 
In consequence of the Pacha’s reply, the Turks were 
blockaded by the allied fleet: but the armistice concluded 
between him and the allied admirals was violated by the 
Turks on the 4th of October, when Admiral Codrington in¬ 
tercepted part of the Egyptian fleet sailing towards Patras, 
and as it afterwards was discovered, intending to relieve 
that place. When informed that they were infringing an 
armistice concluded with Ibrahim Pacha, the Turkish com¬ 
mander replied, that he was acting under the Pacha’s orders. 
After passing a severe censure on the duplicity of his con¬ 
duct, Admiral Codrington directed them to rejoin the rest 
of the fleet at Navarino. Ibrahim, however, headed a large 
body of troops in the Morea, who butchered the Greeks in 
all directions. The English, French, and Russian admirals 
now determined to block up the Turco-Egyptian fleet in the 
bay of Navarino, by entering it and anchoring close to the 
ships, a position which would also enable them to have fur¬ 
ther conference with the Pacha. 
On the 20th of October, therefore, at two o’clock in the 
afternoon, the combined squadrons passed the batteries, in 
order to take up their anchorage. The Turkish ships were 
moored in the form of a crescent, with springs on their 
cables, the larger ships presenting their broadsides towards 
the centre; the smaller ones in succession within them, fill¬ 
ing up the intervals. The combined fleet was formed in the 
order of sailing in two columns, the British and French 
forming the weather or starboard line, and the Russian the 
lee line. The Asia led in, followed by the Genoa and Al¬ 
bion, and anchored close alongside a ship of the line bear¬ 
ing the flag of the Capitani Bey, another ship of the line, 
and a large double-banked frigate. No fire had taken place 
from the batteries, but it was evident 'that warlike prepara¬ 
tions were making on board the Turkish vessels. It was the 
peremptory order of the English admiral, that no shot should 
be 
