T U R T U R 197 
leaves linear, serrate. This is a shrub three feet high. 
Flowers small, yellow, axillary, solitary.—Native of Guiana. 
4. Turnera sidoides.—Peduncles axillary, two-bristled; 
leaves obovate-wedge-shaped, serrate. Stems palmary, sim¬ 
ple, hairy.—Native of Brazil. 
5. Turnera frutescens.—Peduncles axillary, two-bristled; 
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, equally serrate. This is a shrub 
eight feet in height.—Native of Guiana, in clefts of rocks, 
on the banks of the Sinemari. 
6. Turnera rugosa.—Peduncles axillary, leafless; flowers 
five-styled; leaves oblong, erose-toothed, wrinkled. This 
is an annual plant, with a fibrous root.—Native of Guiana 
on sandy coasts. 
7. Turnera cistoides, or betony-leaved turnera.—Pe¬ 
duncles axillary, leafless; leaves serrate at the top. Root 
annual.—Native of Jamaica, Surinam, &c. in South Ame¬ 
rica. 
8. Turnera racemosa.—Racemes terminating, elongated; 
leaves ovate, toothed. This is an annual plant, with an up¬ 
right rough-haired stem, tuberous at the base. Peduncles 
very long, one-flowered. Flowers yellow. 
9. Turnera Guianensis. — Racemes terminating, few- 
flowered, naked; leaves linear, serrate, biglandular at the 
base.—Native of Guiana, in marshy meadows; annual. 
Propagation and Culture. —These plants are easily pro¬ 
pagated by sowing their seeds on a hot-bed early in the spring. 
When the plants are grown pretty large, they may be treated 
more hardily, by placing them in the dry stove; where, if 
they are kept in a moderate degree of heat, they will thrive 
and flower very well. 
TURNER (William), one of the fathers of English bo¬ 
tany as well as of the English Protestant church, was born 
at Morpeth in Northumberland, probably about the year 
1520. He was educated at Pembroke college, Cambridge, 
under the patronage of Sir Thomas Wentworth, and about 
the year 1538 had already distinguished himself for science 
and learning, being justly dissatisfied with the little real in¬ 
formation he could obtain from those about him. Turner, 
like many others in England at this period, now united the 
characters of a physician and a divine. He became an iti¬ 
nerant preacher, of so zealous a character, that the infamous 
bishop Gardiner threw him into prison ; from whence he 
was, after a long time, released; we are not informed by 
what means, and became a voluntary exile from his native 
land. He resided on the continent with many other English 
refugees, principally at Cologn, and Basle, till the death of 
Henry VIII. During this interval, Turner travelled into 
Switzerland and Italy, where he contracted a friendship with 
many distinguished botanists and physicians, and at Ferrara 
received the degree of doctor of physic, which was confirmed 
to him at Oxford, when he returned to England on the ac¬ 
cession of Edward VI. He was made physician to the Pro¬ 
tector Somerset, and his ecclesiastical merits were still more 
amply rewarded, by a prebend of York, a canonry of Wind¬ 
sor, and the deanery of Wells. He died July 7, 1568, ap¬ 
parently at no very advanced age, leaving several children. 
Turner’s earliest botanical work is said to have been printed 
at Cologn in 1544, in 8vo., under the title of “ Historia de 
naturis Herbarum, scholiis et notis vallata.” But this is men¬ 
tioned by Bumaldus, or rather Ovidius Montalbanus, only, 
in his Bibliotheca Botanica , Seguier’s edition, p. 18., with¬ 
out notice of any other publication of our author; nor does 
it appear to be known to English collectors, any more than 
the following: “ Names of Herbes in Greek, Latin, English, 
Dutch, and French,” printed at London, 1548, in 12mo., 
by the same writer. 
The chief publication of Dr. burner is his well-known 
Herbal, in small folio, black letter, with wooden cuts, of 
which the first part was originally printed at London in 1551, 
and is now, on account of its rarity, much valued by col¬ 
lectors. The second part appeared at Cologn in 1562, ac¬ 
companied by a reimpression of the first. In 1568, these 
first and second parts were republished at the same place, 
with a new title-page, a dedication to queen Elizabeth, 
Vox.. XXIV. No. 1637. 
from which many of the above particulars of the author’s 
life are taken, and the addition of a third part of the same 
work. To tbe whole are subjoined “ A booke of the na¬ 
tures and properties as well of the bathes in England as of 
other bathes in Germany and Italye, very necessarye for all 
sycke persones that can not be healed without the helpe of 
natural bathesand “ A most excellent and perfecte hom- 
ish apothecarye or homely physick booke, for all the grefes 
and diseases of the bodye, translated out of the Almaine 
speche into English, by jhon Hollybuseh.” The Herbal is 
arranged alphabetically, and is more original and practical, 
than the more popular and celebrated publications of Lyte, 
Gerarde, or even Parkinson. The object of the author was 
to determine the plants of the ancients, and to record their 
reputed virtues. But this is accomplished with more caution 
and discretion than are common to most of his contempo¬ 
raries. The third part, dedicated to the company of sur¬ 
geons, professes more especially to treat of medical plants 
not known to the ancients. The wooden cuts of all the 
three parts of Turner’s Herbal are taken from those of Fuch- 
sius, and at first sight appear to be the very same blocks as 
those used in the octavo edition of the latter author, printed 
at Lyons in 1595. A careful inspection, however, will easily 
detect minute differences; and we especially observe slight 
damages in Turner’s figures, not occurring in this later im¬ 
pression, which decisively prove it to have been printed from 
more recent cuts. 
Turner ranks moreover amongst our earliest British zoolo¬ 
gists. He published at Cologn, in 1544, an octavo of ten 
pages, entitled, “Avium praecipuarum, quarum apud Pli-' 
nium et Aristotelem mentio est, historia.” Gesner has pre¬ 
fixed to the third volume of his own ponderous Historia 
Animalium, a letter of Dr. Turner’s, dated Wissenburg, 
Nov. 1557, in which the various kinds of fishes known in 
England, amounting to more than fifty, are briefly distin¬ 
guished, with their Latin and English names. He wrote 
many other works, and on all subjects. 
TU'RNERY, s. The art of fashioning hard bodies into a 
round or oval form in a lathe ; the articles so turned. 
TURNESS, a cape on the east coast of the island of Hoy. 
Lat. 58. 41. N. long. 3. 10. W. 
TURNHAM GREEN, a hamlet of England, in Middle¬ 
sex, on the road to Brentford; 8 miles west-by-south of St. 
Paul’s, London. 
TURNHOUT, an inland town of the Netherlands, the 
chief place of a district in the province of Antwerp, situated 
between the heaths of Ravel and Balk. It is well built, and 
contains a population of nearly 11,000; 24 miles east-by¬ 
north of Antwerp. 
TU'RNING, s. Flexure; winding; meander. 
I ran with headlong haste 
Through paths and turnings often trod by day. Milton. 
Deviation from the way.—Behold the divers turnings, 
and windings, by which men wander and go astray. Harmar. 
Turnery. —As the operation of turning is to be performed 
by the aid of the lathe, the structure of that machine is the 
first thing to be considered. In our article Lathe, we have 
given a general description of the commonest kind of lathe. 
The essential properties of a lathe for outside work are, 
first, that it shall have two points which will firmly sustain 
the work at each end, by penetrating into the ends of the 
work, and, at the same time, allow it to turn freely round 
upon the points: there must be a rest or support to hold 
the tool upon, and also some means of turning the work 
round upon the points. A lathe to turn hollow or inside 
work will not admit of a point of support at each end of the 
piece, and therefore the work is firmly fixed to the extremity 
of a spindle, which is called a mandrel; when the mandrel 
is turned round, the work revolves with it, and the tool can 
be applied at the end of the work, to excavate or turn it 
hollow withinside, or to turn it on the outside, as required. 
Lathes are made in a great variety of forms, and put in 
motion by different means : they are called centre lathes, 
3 E where 
