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T U R 
T U R 
TURNUL, a small town with a strong castle, in Euro¬ 
pean Turkey, in Walachia, situated in the angular point 
formed by the junction of the Danube and the Alt, opposite 
to Nicopoli. 
TURN WORTH, a parish of England, in Dorsetshire; 5 
miles west-by-north of Blandford Forum. 
TUROBIN, a small town in the south-east of Poland, on 
a small lake; 28 miles south-south-east of Lublin, and 21 
west-north-west of Zamosc. Population 1300. 
TURON BAY, a fine bay of Cochinchina, which receives 
the river on which is situated Faifo, the capital and princi¬ 
pal seat of the commerce of that country. The country si¬ 
tuated upon Turon bay is remarkably fertile and beautiful. 
Cape Turon, in lat. 16. 5. N. long. 108. 15. E., forms its 
eastern extremity, and, with Turon island, situated six miles 
to the north, makes an excellent harbour, in which vessels 
are sheltered from all winds. 
TUROPOLYA, a small district of Austrian Croatia, lying 
along the Save, about 10 miles in length. 
TU'RPENTINE, s. [turpentine, Ital.; terebinthina, Lat.] 
The gum exuded by the pine, the juniper, and other trees of 
that kind.—As the turpentine tree 1 stretched out my 
branches. Ecclus. 
TU'RPITUDE, s. [turpitude, Fr.; turpitudo, from turpis, 
Lat.] Essential deformity of words, thoughts, or actions; 
inherent vileness; badness. 
How would’st thou have paid 
My better service, when my turpitude 
Thou thus dost crown with gold ? Sha/cspe are. 
TU'RQUOISE, s. A jewel..—One shewed me a ring 
he had of your daughter for a monkey.—Out upon her! it 
was my turquoise, I had it when I was a bachelor. Shak- 
speare. 
TURRACH, a village of the Austrian states, in Styria, 
circle of Judenburg, with manufactures of iron and steel 
wares. The best Prescian steel is made here. 
TURRiEA [so named by Linnaeus, in memory of Giorgio 
a Turre, author of a History of Plants, printed at Padua, 
1685], in Botany, a genus of the class decandria, order mo- 
nogynia, natural order of trihilatae, meliae (Juss.) —Generic 
Character. Calyx: perianth one-leafed, bell-shaped, five¬ 
toothed, very small, permanent. Corolla: petals five, li¬ 
near, spreading, long. Nectary: tube cylindrical, length 
of the petals, with a ten-cleft mouth. Stamina: filaments 
ten, within the mouth of the nectary, very short. Anthers 
subovate. Pistil: germ roundish. Style filiform, length of 
the nectary. Stigma thickish, wrinkled. Pericarp: capsule 
roundish, pentacoccous; with the valves opening longitu¬ 
dinally. Seeds two, kidney-shaped.— Essential Character. 
Calyx five-toothed. Petals five. Nectary toothed, cylin¬ 
drical, bearing the anthers at the mouth between the teeth. 
Capsule pentacoccous. Seeds two. 
1. Turraea virens.—Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, emarginate, 
very smooth; calyxes and fruits silky-villose. This is an 
evergreen tree or shrub, with scattered, divaricating, leafy 
branches, and a smooth cloven bark, silky-villose on the 
twigs.—Native of the East Indies. 
2. Turraea pubescens.—Leaves ovate, emarginate, pubes¬ 
cent beneath; calyxes villose.—Native of the isle of Hainam. 
3. Turraea maculata.—Leaves ovate, acute, smooth; ca¬ 
lyxes ciliate. This is a tree with deciduous leaves, alternate 
branches, and a cloven but smooth bark.—Native of Mada¬ 
gascar. 
4. Turraea sericea.—Leaves ovate, bluntish, tomentose on 
both sides; calyxes, peduncles and petals villose. This also 
is a tree with deciduous leaves.—Found in Madagascar. 
5. Turraea lanceolata.—Leaves lanceolate, rounded on 
both sides, smooth; segments of the calyx very long, lance¬ 
olate.—Found in Madagascar. 
TURRAH, a town of Hindostan, province of Gujerat, 
district of Kakreze. It consists of 2500 houses, and is sub¬ 
ject to the chief of Theraud. Lat. 23. 52. N. long. 71. 41. E. 
TU'IIREL, s. A tool used by coopers. Sherwood. 
TURRET, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
about a mile long, which discharges itself into the Erne, half 
a mile above Crieff, by a small river. 
TU'RRET, s. [turris, Lat.] A small eminence raised 
above the rest of the building; a little tower. 
Make Windsor hills in lofty numbers rise. 
And lift her turrets nearer to the skies. Pope. 
TU'RRETED, ad.). Formed like a tower; rising like a 
tower.—Take a turrcted lamp of tin, in the form of a square; 
the height of the turret being thrice as much as the length of 
the lower part, whereupon the lamp standeth. Bacon. 
TURRETINI (John Alphonso), was born at Geneva in 
1671, and having, in consequence of distinguished talents 
and application, the tuition of able masters, access to a well- 
stored library, and an ample patrimony, laid the foundation 
of learning at home, he commenced, in his 20th year, his 
travels, and at Leyden studied ecclesiastical history under 
Spanheim. During his residence here he published, in 
1692, his “ Pyrrhonismus Pontiftcius, sive Theses Theo- 
logico-Historicse de Variationibus Pontificiorum, circa Ee- 
clesia Infallibilitatem,” designed to counteract the influence 
of Bossuet’s book “ Les Variations des Eglises Protes- 
tantes,” by shewing that the Roman Catholic church had 
been equally fluctuating in its opinions. At this time he 
visited England, and being introduced to Burnet, Tillotson, 
and Wake, he laboured to cancel the false notions that were 
entertained by some English divines concerning the Genevan 
church. When he returned to Geneva, he commenced the 
exersise of his ministry in 1694, and was much admired as a 
preacher. The magistrates established for him, in 1699, a 
professorship of ecclesiastical history, the duties of which he 
discharged without any salary. These lectures were intro¬ 
duced with an oration, “ De Sacrarum Antiquitatum usu et 
Praestantia;" and the substance of these lectures comprised 
a body of ecclesiastical history, divided into more than 300 
dissertations. In 1701 he was chosen rector of the academy 
of Geneva; and in this station, which he occupied for ten 
years, he delivered ten annual discourses, displaying elo¬ 
quence united with erudition and excellent moral sentiments. 
Upon being appointed to the office of professor of theology 
in 1705, he delivered an inaugural speech, “ De Theologo 
Veritatis et Pacis studioso.” In his course of divinity lec¬ 
tures, he discussed the most important topics of divinity, 
without the formality of system ; such as natural religion, 
the excellence and evidences of the Christian revelation, the 
perfections of the Deity, the interpretation of Scripture, and 
similar subjects. It was very much the object of his wish 
to unite all Protestants; and with this view he took part 
with those German ministers who, in 1706, obtained a dis¬ 
pensation from the necessity of singing the formulary, 
intitled “ Consensus,” introduced during the violent disputes 
that had occurred concerning Grace and Predestination. 
He died in May 1737, at the age of nearly 66 years. His 
works in 3 vols. 4to. were published in 1737; and after his 
death appeared his Commentaries on the Epistles to the 
Romans and Thessalonians. Moreri. Gen. Biog . 
TURRIFF, a parish of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, of an 
irregular figure. Population 2227.—Also a town of Scotland, 
in the above parish. It is situated on the banks of a rivulet, 
about one mile above its confluence with the Doveron, and 
is a free burgh of barony, entitled to hold a weekly market, 
and seven annual fairs; 34J miles north-north-west of Aber¬ 
deen, and 11 south of Banff. 
TURRITIS [from turris, a tower], in Botany, a genus 
of the class tetradynamia siliquosa, natural order of siliquosae, 
cruciformes or cruciferae.—Generic Character. Calyx: pe. 
rianth four-leaved; leaflets ovate-oblong, from parallel-con¬ 
verging, deciduous. Corolla four-petalled, cruciform. Pe¬ 
tals ovate-oblong, obtuse, erect, entire; claws erect. Sta¬ 
mina: filaments six, awl-shaped, erect, length of the tube; 
two of them shorter. Anthers simple. Pistil: germ length 
of the flower, round, somewhat compressed. Style none. 
Stigma obtuse. Pericarp: silique longest of all, stiff, four- 
cornered; angles opposite, alternate, obsolete, and some¬ 
what compressed, two-celled, two-valved; valves scarcely 
equal 
