T U R T U S 203 
equal to the partition. Seeds very numerous, roundish, 
emarginate.— Essential Character. Silique very long, an¬ 
gular. Calyx converging, erect. Corolla erect. 
1. Turritis glabra, or smooth tower-mustard.—Root-leaves 
toothed, hispid; stem-leaves quite entire, embracing. Root 
annual.—Native of most parts of Europe in pastures, pits 
and other waste places, and on banks near hedges, on a dry 
gravelly soil; flowering from May to July. 
2. Turritis laevigata.—Leaves smooth; root-leaves obo- 
vate, serrate; stem-leaves lanceolate-linear, quite entire, em¬ 
bracing. Root biennial. Stem quite simple, a foot high.— 
Native of Pennsylvania. 
3. Turritis stricta.—Leaves smooth, shining, radicate, 
ovate, somewhat toothed; stem-leaves lanceolate, sharply 
toothed, sessile. Stem quite simple, two feet high, erect.— 
Native of Piedmont, in moist meadows. 
4. Turritis hirsuta, or hairy tower-mustard.—All the 
leaves hispid; stem rough-haired; hairs simple, spreading; 
silique quadrangular. Root strong, woody, perennial.—Na¬ 
tive of many parts of Europe, on rocks, in stony places, on 
old walls and castles, and in dry mountainous pastures; 
flowering in May. 
5. Turritis patula.—All the leaves hispid; stem-leaves em¬ 
bracing, toothed at the end; branches spreading. Root 
annual.—Native of Hungary, on open hills. 
6. Turritis pubescens.—All the leaves hispid; stem-leaves 
sessile, bluntly toothed at the end; branches spreading. 
This also resembles turritis hirsuta.—Native of Algiers on the 
mountains. 
7. Turritis ciliata.—Leaves smooth; stem-leaves sessile, 
toothed at the base, with forked ciliate hairs at the base and 
tip. The whole of this is smooth, the stem quite simple and 
erect.—Native of Switzerland. 
8. Turritis alpina.—Root-leaves toothed, hispid; stem- 
leaves half embracing.—Native of Germany, Silesia, and 
Austria. 
Propagation and Culture. —If the seeds be permitted to 
scatter, or if they be sown on a wall, among rock-work, or 
in a dry border, there is no hazard of these plants maintain¬ 
ing their situation. 
TURSI1EEZ, a considerable city of Korassan, in Persia, 
situated on the borders of the Great Salt Desert. The old 
city, called Sultanabad, is small; but to this a new one has 
been added, in which the governor and his principal officers 
reside. Both together contain about 20,000 inhabitants, 
among which are a 100 Hindoo families. 
TURS1S, a small town in the south of the kingdom of 
Naples, in the Basilicata, on the river Sino. It is the see of 
a bishop ; 50 miles east of Policastro. 
TU'RTLE, or Tu'rtledove, s. [cupfcle, Saxon; torto- 
rellc, Fr.; tortorclla, Ital.; turtur, Lat.] A species of dove. 
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws, 
And merry larks are ploughmen’s clocks : 
When turtles tread. Shakspeare. 
A turtle is the uame also of the sea-tortoise.—Lyttleton, 
in his Dialoguesof the Dead, has introduced Darteneuf, in a 
pleasant discourse between him and Apicms, bitterly lament¬ 
ing his ill fortune, in having lived before turtle-ie asts were 
known in England. “Alas,” says he, “how imperfect is 
human felicity ! 1 lived in an age when the pleasure of eat¬ 
ing was thought to be carried to its highest perfection in 
England and France. And yet a turtle- feast is a novelty to 
me!” Dr. Warton. 
TURTLE BAY, a bay on the south coast of New Ireland, 
before called St. George’s bay, and Praslin bay. 
TURTLE CREEK, a river of the United States, in Penn¬ 
sylvania, which runs into the Monongahela, in Allegany 
county. At the head of this creek general Braddock was 
killed in 1755. 
TURTLE CREEK, a township of the United States, in 
Warren county, Ohio. Population 3442. 
TURTLE INLET, a channel of the United States, be¬ 
tween two small islands, on the coast of New Jersey. Lat. 
39. 2. N. long. 74, 47. W. 
TURTLE ISLAND, a small island in the Eastern seas. 
Lat. 6. 35. S. long. 132. 51. E. 
TURTLE ISLAND, a small island in the South Pacific 
ocean, surrounded by a reef of coral rocks. Lat. 19. 50. S. 
long. 177. 57. W. 
TURTLE LAKE, a small lake of Canada. Lat. 48. 34. N. 
long. 71. 31. W. 
TURTLE POINT, a cape on the coast of West Florida, 
in the gulf of Mexico. Lat. 29. 54. N. long. 89. 4. W. 
TURTLE POINT, a cape on the south coast of Java. 
Lat. 7. 42. S. long. 109.58. E.- 
TURTfeE RIVER, a river of the United States, in Geor¬ 
gia, which runs into thesea. Lat. 31.12. N. long. 71. 40. W. 
TURTON, a township of England, in Lancashire; 5 
miles north-by-east of Great Bolton. Population 1782. 
TURUCIJAN, a considerable river of Asiatic Russia, 
which rises in the district of Turuchansk, and after a course 
of about 200 miles, falls into the Yenisei near Turuchansk. 
TURUCHANSK, or Mangasea, a town of Asiatic Rus¬ 
sia, on the Yenisei, the smallest and most northerly of all 
those which bear the name of city. Originally built in 1601, 
for the collection of furs paid in tribute. Most of the inha¬ 
bitants are Cossacs, employed to keep in subjection the savage 
tenants of the neighbouring regions. The ground is barren ; 
but the water-fowl are in summer almost innumerable. The 
trade consists entirely in furs, which are exchanged for all 
sorts of merchandize of which the people stand in need. 
Lat. 65- 40. N. long. 88. 44. E. 
TURUCURI, a river of Brazil, in the province of Para, 
which runs east, and enters the river Xingu. 
TURVES. The old plural of turf .—The Greek historian 
sets her [Boadicea] in the field on a high heap of turves, in a 
loose-bodied gown declaiming, a spear in her hand. Milton. 
TURVEY, a village of Ireland, in the county of Dublin; 
9 miles from Dublin. 
TURVEY, a parish of England, in Bedfordshire; 8 miles 
west-north-west of Bedford. Population 813. 
TURV1LLE, orTuRFiELD, a parish of England, in Buck¬ 
inghamshire ; 6 miles north-west-by-west of Great Marlow. 
Population 382. 
TURUMBUSA, a river of Quito, in the province of Jaen 
de Bracamoros, which enters the Amazons. 
TURUVISA, a river of Quito, in the province of Quixos 
and Macas, which runs south, and enters the Santiago. 
TURWESTON, a parish of England, in Buckingham¬ 
shire ; 6 miles west-north-west of Buckingham. 
TURWICK, a parish of England, in Sussex; 5f miles 
west-by-north of Midhurst. 
TURZBURG, or Tertzwara, a fortified pass of Tran¬ 
sylvania, in the district of Burzenland, in the frontier of 
Walachia. 
TU'SCAN, adj. Denoting one of the orders of architec¬ 
ture.—The Tuscan is of all the rudest pillar, and its princi¬ 
pal character simplicity. Wotton. 
TUSCANY, a grand duchy of Italy, in the central part of 
the peninsula, extending from 42. 15. to 44. 12. of north 
latitude. Its physical boundaries are on one side of the 
Appennines, on the other part of the Mediterranean called 
the Tuscan or Tyrrhenian sea. Its form approaches to the 
oblong; and it adjoins on the north Modena, on the east and 
south the Papal States. Elba and some smaller islands along 
the coast belong to Tuscany; the extent of the whole is about 
8500 square miles, a surface somewhat greater than that of 
Wales. Its population is about 1,200,000. Chief Towns:— 
Florence (the capital), Leghorn, Sienna, Pisa, Arezzo, Cor¬ 
tona, Piombino, and Porto Ferrajo. 
In Tuscany, as in most other parts of Italy, the face of the 
country is pleasantly diversified with hill, valley, and plain. 
The Appennines entering at its northern extremity, traverse 
it in a south-east direction, and prolong their course through 
the Papal territory to the southern extremity of Italy. In Tus¬ 
cany their highest summits do not exceed 3000 feet: some 
of them, exposed to the north, are bleak and sterile; but the 
chief part even of the highest grounds admits of vegetation, 
and is covered with forests. Besides the principal chain of 
