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TUSCANY. 
the Appennines, there are several smaller ranges extending 
in different directions, and declining in height as they ap¬ 
proach the sea. Their sides, and frequently their summits, 
are cultivated, and covered with rich produce. Between the 
hills and the mountains are situated a number of pleasant 
vallies, each traversed by a winding rivulet. Few countries, 
indeed, are better supplied with water than Tuscany, more 
than 200 streams, great and small, descending from the Ap¬ 
pennines, and holding a westward course to the Tuscan sea. 
Of these, however, the only considerable rivers are the Arno, 
the Ombrone, and the Chiana. This country has several 
lakes, but none of great extent. With mineral waters it is 
abundantly supplied, and the baths of Pisa and Lucca are 
well-known throughout Italy. 
In climate Tuscany is on the whole fortunate, the sky is 
serene, the winter is severe only in the high lying tracks, and 
the country is healthy, with the exception of some marshy 
districts. 
The soil in the greater part of the Tuscan territory is a rich 
alluvial mould. The chief objects of culture are wheat, 
maize, beans, peas, and a variety of vegetables; also clover 
and other artificial grasses. The fruits are vines, olives, 
oranges, lemons, and figs. The wine of Tuscany is in 
general good : in the vallies the vines are supported by trees 
planted at regular distances, and exhibiting a pleasant sight, 
particularly on the road side; on the higher grounds they 
are supported by slicks, as in France. Of oil, by which, as 
in the south of France, is meant olive oil, the annual pro¬ 
duce is above 100,000 casks, or calculating by weight, 5000 
tons. Mulberry trees are less numerous than in the north of 
Italy, yet the annual export of raw silk is not below 200,000 
pounds. In the mountainous districts the chesnuts supply 
the deficiency of corn. 
Pasturage in this warm climate is good only locally, viz,, 
along the banks of rivers, and in the Maremma, in conse¬ 
quence of the moisture of the soil. In the latter it is com¬ 
puted that no less than 400,000 sheep, 30,000 horses, and a 
corresponding number of horned cattle, are annually reared 
and exported to the Val d’Arno, and other parts of Central 
Italy. The breed of horses is wretched; that of mules, 
asses, goats, and swine, is tolerably good. The breed of 
horned cattle is, as in Lombardy, kept up by regular im¬ 
portations from Switzerland. Sheep are numerous in the 
mountainous districts, but their wool is in general coarse. 
In minerals Tuscany is by no means deficient. The island of 
Elba maintains, by its iron mines, its ancient reputation. 
On the main land of Tuscany are found in particular spots 
mines of copper, lead, and quicksilver; in the Appennines 
are marble, alabaster, crystal, and rock salt. 
In manufactures Tuscany is no longer conspicuous. Its 
principal article is silk, made into a variety of articles— 
ribbons, stockings, gloves, as well as light and heavy stuffs; 
next come linen, and on a smaller scale, woollens, with the 
very different articles of straw hats, perfumed essences, and 
liquors. As to trade, Tuscany possesses in Leghorn a port 
of* considerable activity ; the channel for the export of much 
produce and for the import of a variety of goods from the 
Levant and the north of Europe. Pisa has fallen from its 
former prosperity, and Florence and Sienna trade only with 
the interior. 
The territorial divisions of Tuscany are into the three 
provinces of Florence, Pisa, and Sienna. The form of the 
government is monarchical; the title of the sovereign, 
Arch-Duke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany; his 
appellation is Imperial Highness; his power, though ex¬ 
ercised with mildness, is restricted by no representative body, 
or even written authority. The seat of government is at 
Florence; the executive part is managed by the cabinet and 
a council of state. In taxation the principle is to burden 
property, but to be sparing of the working classes. 
In religion the Tuscans, with a slight exception (Jews to 
the number of 16,000), are Catholics. They are exempt 
from several of the defects and bad habits charged on their 
Italian countrymen : they are less indolent, speak their lan¬ 
guage with considerable purity, and possess scientific institu¬ 
tions, which, if no longer equal to those of the 16th and 
17th centuries, rank among the provincial academies of the 
more northern part of Europe. 
Tuscany is familiar to the readers of ancient history, 
under the names of Etruria and Tyrrhenia. Its territory 
early peopled, contained 12 towns of note, in the ages 
which followed the foundation of Rome. It was about the 
year of Rome 474, after the conquest of the Volsci, iEqui, 
and other small tribes, but before the more hazardous con¬ 
tests with Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians, that the Romans 
completed the subjugation of Etruria. It remained in their 
possession between 700 and 800 years, until overrun by the 
barbarians in the 5th century. Held at first as a duchy and 
fief of Lombardy, it was afterwards restored to independence; 
but towards the beginning of the 13th century, the continued 
divisions which agitated it, led first to a change in the form 
of government, and eventually to the ascendancy of the 
the Medicis, a family who had originally acquired a fortune 
by trade, but who, in the exercise of power, well knew how 
to appreciate literature and the arts. This family, which 
long ruled with the title of grand duke, became extinct in 
1737, when, by arrangements between France and Austria, 
their place was filled by the duke of Lorraine. That prince, 
the husband of Maria Theresa, becoming afterwards emperor 
of Germany, vested the grand duchy in his second son. 
From him the government of Tuscany descended to the 
present grand duke Ferdinand, brother of Francis II., the 
reigning emperor of Austria. In the wars of the French 
revolution, the policy of Tuscany w 7 as to avoid any active 
participation in the contest. This did not, however, long 
exempt the country from political change. By the treaty of 
Luneville (February 1801), the grand duchy of Tuscany 
received the title of kingdom of Etruria, and was transferred 
to the hereditary prince of Parma. In the subsequent in¬ 
corporations of Buonaparte, it was declared an integral part 
of the French empire; but on his downfal in 1814, it was 
restored to the Arch-duke Ferdinand, and resumed its proper 
designation of grand duchy. 
TUSCARAWAS, a name frequently applied to the main 
branch of the Muskingum, above Coshocton, in the United 
States. The entire length of its course is 85 miles. 
TUSCARAWAS, a county of the United States, in the state 
of Ohio. Chief town, New Philadelphia. Population 1351. 
TUSCARORA, an Indian village of the United States, in 
Niagara county. New York. Population 300; 2£ miles 
east of Lewistown. 
TUSCARORA CREEK, a river of the United States, in 
Pennsylvania, which runs into the Juniatta; 12 miles south¬ 
east of Lewistown. 
TUSCARORA VALLEY, a post village of the United 
States, in Mifflin county, Pennsylvania. 
TUSCIIAMA, a village of Irkoutsk, in Asiatic Russia ; 
28 miles north-north-west of Ilimsk. 
TUSCHAMSKA, a village of Irkoutsk, in Asiatic Russia ; 
100 miles north-west of Ilimsk. 
TUSH, interj. [from tyst, Su. Goth, be silent, hold your 
peace. Serenius.'] An expression of contempt.— Tush, say 
they, how should God perceive it: is their knowledge in the 
Most High ? Psalms. 
TUSIIEPAH, Indians of North America, east of Clerk’s 
river. Their number is only 430. 
TUSHINGHAM, a township of England, in Cheshire; 
2 miles north-west-by-north of Whitchurch. 
TUSK, s. [tux, tuxaj. Sax.] The long teeth of a pug¬ 
nacious animal; the fang; the holding tooth.—Some crea¬ 
tures have over-long, or out-growing teeth, called fangs, or 
tusks; as boars and pikes. Bacon. 
To TUSK, v. n. To gnash the teeth, as a boar.—Nay, 
now you puff, tusk, and draw up your chin. B. Jonson. 
TUSKAR, a small island in St. George’s channel, about 
5 miles from the south-west coast of Ireland. Lat. 52.13. 
N. long. 6. 10. W. 
TU'SKED, or Tusky, adj. Furnished with tusks. 
Into the naked woods he goes, 
And seeks the tusky boar to rear. Dryden. 
Of 
