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TYROL. 
TYRINGHAM, a township of the United States, in Berk¬ 
shire county, Massachusetts; 14 miles south-south-east of 
Lenox, and 116 west of Boston. Population 1689. 
TYRINTHUS, an ancient town of Greece, in the Morea, 
built before the period of authentic history. The walls of its 
citadel being composed, like those of Mycenae, of solid 
blocks of stone, are nearly perfect, and exhibit the best speci¬ 
men of the military architecture of the heroic ages, being 
generally 25 feet thick. 
TYRLEY, a township of England, in Staffordshire; 9| 
miles west-by-north of EccleshalT. 
TYRNAU, a small town of the Austrian States, in Mora¬ 
via ; 23 miles west-north-west of Olmutz. 
TYRNAU, or Nagy-Szombath, a town in the west of 
Hungary, on the river Tyrna. It stands in a fertile but 
rather unhealthy district: it has been the seat of the chapter 
of Gran since 1543, and contains so many churches and 
monasteries, that it has got the name of Little Rome. Popu¬ 
lation 5100; 25 miles north-north-east of Presburgh, and 66 
west-north-west of Gran. Lat. 48. 23. 30. N. long. 17. 35. 
2. E. 
TY'RO, s. [properly tiro, as in the Latin.] One yet 
not master of his art; one in his rudiments. 
There stands a structure on a rising hill, 
Where tyros take their freedom out to kill. Garth. 
TYROL, a large province of the Austrian empire, bounded 
by Bavaria, Salzburg, Carinthia, Austrian Italy, and Switzer¬ 
land, and lying between lat. 45. 46. and 47. 46. N. and long. 
10. 2. and 12. 20. E. Its form approaches to the circular, 
but its boundary line is marked by frequent projections and 
indentations. Its area, about 11,000 square miles, is greater 
than that of Wales by nearly a third ; its population, about 
720,000, is about a third less in number, and more thinly 
scattered, than that of our principality. It is divided into 
seven districts or circles, viz.. The Lower Innthal, the Upper 
Innthal, the Pusterthal, the Voralberg, the Adige, Italian Con¬ 
fines of Trent, Italian Confines of Roveredo.—Chief Towns, 
Schwatz, Imbst, Brunecken, Bregenz, Botzen. The capital of 
the whole is Inspruk.—Of all the countries of Europe, Tyrol 
is the most exclusively mountainous. A chain of primitive 
formation, containing mountains of the greatest height, the 
Orteles of 14,000 feet, the Glokner of 12,000, and the less 
elevated, but still lofty mass of Mount Brenner, traverses it in 
all its extent, entering it from Switzerland on the west, and 
terminating in the east, at the Kahlenberg, near Vienna. On 
each side of this is a secondary chain, one of which sepa¬ 
rates Tyrol from Bavaria, the other from Italy. These moun¬ 
tains, with their ramifications, divide Tyrol into more than 
20 vallies, the most remarkable of which are the three which 
contain the largest rivers, the Inn, the Eysach, and the 
Adige. On the whole, this country resembles S witzerland. 
No country contains a more romantic road than that over 
Mount Brenner, along the Adige. It is indeed sometimes 
attended with danger, from the rapid increase of the moun¬ 
tain streams, or from the falls of rocks, or snow after thaws; 
but accidents are rare, and the inconvenience of the way is 
compensated by the beauty of the scenery, and the simple 
and honest character of the inhabitants. The climate of 
Tyrol, inconsequence of the height of the mountains, is cold, 
not only in winter, but in spring ; in summer the vallies are 
hot,particularly when openlo the sou,'h. The most tempe¬ 
rate and pleasant season is autumn. In minerals, Tyrol is 
doubtless rich, every species of ore having been found there; 
but in a country so bare of population and capital, much 
time must elapse ere its mineral treasures are sufficiently ex¬ 
plored. The only mines that have as yet been worked with 
advantage, are those of salt, iron, copper, and calamine. 
Mineral springs are abundant, there being no less than 60 in 
different parts of the country. As to vegetable products, the 
extent of rugged and lofty ground leaves but little space for 
the labour of the agriculturists; and though the Tyrolese 
raise corn and vegetables in spots of very difficult access, the 
quantity produced is inadequate to their wants. These are 
supplied by the import of corn in exchange for the wine and 
silk raised in the southern vallies, and of the cattle exported 
from the smaller vales of the north, in which pasturage 
forms the chief employment. The further products of Tyrol 
are flax, hemp, and tobacco. Among the wild animals is 
the chamois, the Alpine goat, and the marmotte. Though 
Tyrol contains hardly any collective establishments, it 
abounds with insulated examples of manufacturing industry. 
During winter the women spin flax, knit caps and stockings, 
or weave baskets and straw hats. The men are employed in. 
various ways, in making wooden utensils or toys, and in 
some places in the singular occupation of training canary 
birds for sale. The streams from the mountains are made 
to turn a number of wheels, which drive the machinery ne¬ 
cessary lor their ingenious labours. They associate less in 
towns, or even in villages, than is common in less moun¬ 
tainous countries. 
In a country which so much resembles Savoy, Auvergne, 
Wales, and the Highlands of Scotland, it is natural to anti¬ 
cipate a similar emigration in the summer season, in quest 
of work. Suabia and Bavaria are the chief outlets ot the 
Tryolese. The young men go there to sell their petty wares,., 
or to act as shepherds during summer for very moderate 
wages; others go to a much greater distance in Germany 
or Italy ; and the ardour of speculation sometimes leads 
them as far as America or the East Indies. 
The inhabitants of Roveredo and the southern confines of 
Tyrol partake of the character of their Italian neighbours,, 
being possessed of more-polish, but at the same time less 
sincerity, than their countrymen in the interior. It is after 
passing Trent, and penetrating into the heart of the Alpine 
territory, that the traveller finds himself among a people 
religiously attached to their ancient usages, and to their 
hereditary masters, the emperors of Austria. The Tryolese 
are characterised by the domestic affections, the unostenta¬ 
tious manners, the frugal mode of living, of the inhabitants, 
of mountains or sequestered vallies. The dress of the pea¬ 
santry is peculiar : its principal embellishment consists in 
a straw-hat ornamented with ribbons and nosegays: that 
of the women, far from elegant, and even ridiculous in the 
eye of a foreigner, is composed of a gown both thick and 
short, of stockings with cross stripes, and of a cap tapering, 
in the shape of a sugar-loaf. In a country so difficult of 
access, and where the inhabitants have so little intercourse, 
there necessarily prevails a considerable diversity of lan¬ 
guage. The music of the Tyrolese has the simple and fre¬ 
quently plaintive character of that of the Scottish High¬ 
landers ; but in superstition the Tyrolese take decidedly 
the lead of our mountaineers. 
Tyrol bears in official papers only the title of county ; but 
it is the largest county in Europe. It has a representative 
body composed of four orders, the clergy, the nobility, the 
deputies of the towns, and the deputies of the peasants. No 
new tax can be imposed without the consent of this body; 
and when it is granted, the sovereign is bound to make an 
explicit acknowledgment that the states might have refused 
it had they chose. In addition to the states, there exists a 
permanent deputation and tribunal, in which the peasantry 
are represented. The only imposts are a land-tax payable 
indiscriminately by all classes, and a charge on the higher 
classes, consisting of a per centage on pensions, tithes, and 
rents. Though fond of the chace, and excellent marksmen, 
they are averse to compulsory service in the field. In the 
defence of their country, however, they display the greatest 
alacrity. Their aversion to the field arises from their repug¬ 
nance to the restraints of discipline. Tyrol formed, in the 
earliest ages in which we can trace its history, a part of the 
ancient lthodia, a country which from its difficulty of access, 
and the independent spirit of its inhabitants, so long offered 
resistance to the Romans. The Rhoetians were divided into 
a variety of tribes. In the disorders that followed the down¬ 
fall of the Roman empire, Tyrol became divided into a 
number of petty lordships, which all acknowledged the 
supremacy of the ancient princes and dukes of Bavaria. On 
the fall of the house of Guelf in the 12th century, the Tyro¬ 
lese became immediate subjects of the empire, and the petty 
lordships 
