306 VIOLA. 
petal straight, turned downwards, wider, blunter, emargi- 
ginate, finishing at the base in a blunt horned nectary, pro¬ 
minent between the leaflets of the calyx; the two lateral 
ones paired, opposite, obtuse, straight; the two lowest 
paired bigger, reflexed upwards. Stamina: filaments five, 
very small, two of them, which are nearest to the uppermost 
petal, enter the nectary by annexed appendages. Anthers 
commonly connected, obtuse, increased by membranes at 
the tip. Pistil: germen superior, roundish. Style filiform, 
prominent beyond the anthers. Stigma oblique. Pericarp: 
capsule ovate, three-cornered, obtuse, one-celled, three- 
vaived. Seeds many, ovate, appendicled, fastened to the 
valves. Receptacle linear, running like a line along each 
valve .—Essential Character. Calyx five-leaved. Co¬ 
rolla five-petalled, irregular, horned at the back. Anthers 
cohering. Capsule superior, one-celled, three-valved. 
I.—Stemless. 
1. Viola palmata, or palmated violet.—Leaves palmate, 
five-lobed, toothed and undivided. Root perennial.—Na¬ 
tive of Virginia. It is a singular species, and rare in this 
country, having no sweet scent to recommend it. 
2. Viola pedata, or multifid-leaved violet.—Leaves pe¬ 
date, seven-parted.—Native of North America. 
3. Viola pinnata, or pinnate-leaved violet.—Leaves pin- 
natifid.—Native of the mountains of southern Europe and 
Siberia. 
4. Viola sagittata. 5. Viola lanceolata. 6. Viola ob- 
liqua. 7. Viola cucullata. 8. Viola primulifolia. 
9. Viola hirta, or hairy violet.—Leaves cordate, they 
and the petioles hairy-hispid; calyxes obtuse ; bractes below 
the middle of the peduncles. Root somewhat woody, fi¬ 
brous. It is by far less frequent than the sweet violet. Long 
since observed about Charlton, in Kent. 
10. Viola Magellanica, or Magellanic violet.—Leaves 
kidney-form, repand, villose. This has a large yellow 
flower, with bay-coloured veins.—Native of Terra del Fuego, 
in boggy places. 
11. Viola odorata, or sweet violet.—Runners creeping; 
leaves cordate, they and the petioles smoothish; calyxes 
obtuse; bractes above the middle of the peduncle. Root 
fibrous, whitish: in old plants the upper part becomes 
knobby, and appears above ground, the knobs being formed 
from the base of the petioles which are left yearly; from the 
bosom of these knobs spring the scions or runners which 
creep on the ground, and are furnished with leaves and the 
same kind of stipules which are observable at the bottom of 
the plant: these runners are very long, and in general do 
not produce flowers till the second year.—This favourite 
flower, so highly esteemed for its fragrance, is a native of 
every part of Europe, in woods, among bushes, in hedges, 
and on warm banks; flowering in March and April; and 
ripening its seeds towards the end of summer. Of the com¬ 
mon violet there are the following varieties : the single blue, 
and white, the double blue and white, and the pale purple. 
These are all commonly preserved in gardens, for the odour 
of their flowers. 
12. Viola palustris, or marsh violet.—Leaves kidney-form, 
smooth ; root creeping, whitish, toothed, somewhat fleshy, 
with many fibres.—Native of Europe and Japan. With us 
more frequent in Scotland and the north of England than 
in the south. There is a variety with red striped flowers, in 
the Flora Danica. 
II.—Caulescent. 
13. Viola cauina, or dog’s violet.—Stem when advanced 
ascending, channelled; leaves oblong-cordate; calyxes acute. 
Root somewhat woody. Dog’s violet differs from the sweet 
one in the flowers having no smell, being generally larger, 
and growing from the stem.—Native of Europe and North 
America. This species varies in the colour of its flowers, in 
the size of the whole herb, and in the form of the leaves. 
Hence the varieties with a white flower, and sometimes only 
the spur is white, and two or three others. 
14. Viola lactea, or cream-coloured violet.—Stem ascend¬ 
ing, round; leaves ovate-lanceolate; stipules gash-serrate.— 
Found on the wolds near Tunbridge wells. 
15. Viola montana, or mountain violet.—Stems erect; 
leaves cordate, oblong.—Cultivated in 1714, in Chelsea 
garden. 
16. Viola concolor. 17. Viola nummularifolia. 18. Viola 
cenisia. 19. Viola Canadensis. 20. Viola striata. 21. Viola 
pubescens. 22. Viola mirabilis. 
23. Viola biflora, or two-flowered violet.— Stem two- 
flowered; leaves kidney-form, serrate. This a very tender 
plant. Stem a hand high, from decumbent erect, smooth, 
round below but flatted above.—Native of the Alps of 
Europe. 
24. Viola uniflora, or Siberian violet.—Stem one-flow¬ 
ered ; leaves cordate, toothed.—Native of Siberia. 
25. Viola decumbens, or trailing violet.— Caulescent, 
procumbent; leaves linear, clustered.—Native of the Cape 
of Good Hope. 
III.-—Stipules pinnatifid ; Stigmas urceolate. 
26. Viola tricolor, pansy violet or heart’s-ease.—Stem 
angular, diffused; leaves oblong, tooth-crenate; stipules 
lyrate-pinnatifid. Root annual, simple, fibrous. Stems 
ascending, much branched. It varies with more than two 
colours, purple, blue, yellow, white, improved and enlarged 
by garden culture.—Native of Europe, Siberia, and Japan : 
in corn-fields, gardens, &c. 
27. Viola grandiflora, or great-flowered pansy-violet.— 
Stem three-sided, simple; leaves somewhat oblong; stipules 
pinnatifid.—Native of Switzerland, Silesia, Dauphine, and 
the Pyrenees. 
28. Viola lutea, or yellow mountain pansy-violet.—Stem 
three-sided, simple; leaves ovate-oblong, crenate, ciliate; 
stipules palmale-gashed. — This species is found only in 
mountainous pastures. It is plentiful in the north of Eng¬ 
land, Scotland, and the wildest parts of South Wales, often 
in a rotten peaty soih 
29. Viola Zoysii.—Stem very short, erect; leaves round¬ 
ish, crenate; stipules quite entire; peduncles three-sided.— 
Native of the mountains of Carinthia. 
There are the following in this section:—Viola calcarata. 
Viola cornuta. Viola Capensis. Viola arborescens. Viola 
stipularis. Viola parviflora. Viola enneasperma. Viola lina- 
rifolia. Viola suffruticosa. Viola calceolaria. Viola opposi- 
tifolia. Viola hybanthus. Viola ipecacuanha. Viola diandra. 
Propagation and Culture. —The North American violets 
will succeed best by putting them in pots filled with loam 
and bog earth mixed, and plunged in a north border, where 
they may be sheltered in winter, or taken up, and kept in a 
common hot-bed frame. 
The common violets are easily propagated by parting their 
roots; this may be done at two seasons: the best season for 
removing and parting these roots is at Michaelmas. 
Violets may also be propagated by seeds, which should be 
sown soon after they are ripe, which is about the end of 
August. 
VI'OLABLE, adj. [from violabilis , Lat.] Such as may 
be violated or hurt. 
VIOLA'CEOUS, adj. [from viola, Lat.] Resembling 
violets. 
To VFOLATE, v. a. [viola, Lat.] To injure; to hurt. 
I question thy bold entrance. 
Employ’d to violate the sleep of those 
Whose dwelling God hath planted here in bliss. Milton . 
To infringe; to break any thing venerable. 
Some of violated vows 
’Twixt the souls of friend and friend. Shakspeare. 
To injure by irreverence.—Forbid to violate the sacred 
fruit. Milton. —To ravish; to deflower. 
The Sabine’s violated charms 
Obscur'd the glory of his rising arms. Prior. 
VIOLATION, s. [violatio, Lat.] Infringement or in¬ 
jury of something sacred or venerable.—Men, who had po 
other 
