U L M U S. 
414 
branches corky, rugged on both sides, villose beneath along 
the small veins. Flowers from their proper gems, clustered, 
scarcely peduncled, numerous,brownish-flesh.coloured. Cap¬ 
sules oblong. Timber hard, tough. The flowers have a vio¬ 
let smell. This elm is a very great high tree. The bark of 
the young trees, and the boughs of the elder trees are smooth 
and very tough.—Native of Europe and Barbary. 
Queen Elizabeth is said to have planted an elm with her 
own hand at Chelsea, where her father had a palace in which 
she was brought up when an infant. It went always by her 
name, and was felled, to the great regret of the neigh¬ 
bourhood, on the 11th November, 1745, and sold for 
a guinea by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart, lord of the manor. 
It was thirteen feet in circumference at bottom, and six feet 
six inches at the height of forty-four feet: the height 
was one hundred and ten feet, of which fifteen feet at the top 
were decayed, the tree having suffered by the hard frost in 
1739_40. 
The elm naturally grows upright; and, when it meets with 
a soil it loves, rises higher than the generality of trees; and, 
after it has assumed the dignity and hoary roughness of age, 
few of its forest brethren, though, properly speaking, it is not 
a forester, excel it in grandeur and beauty. The character of 
the elm, in its skeleton, partakes much of the oak; so much, 
that when it is rough and old, it may easily, at a little dis¬ 
tance, be mistaken for an oak. In full foliage its character is 
better marked; and no tree is better adapted to receive grand 
masses of light; nor is its foliage, shadowing as it is, of the 
heavy kind. Its leaves are small, and this gives it a natural 
lightness; it commonly hangs loosely, and is, in general, 
very picturesque. 
The narrow-leaved elm is like the other, but much lesser 
and low’er. 
2. Ulmus suberosa, or Dutch elm.—Leaves doubly serrate, 
somewhat unequal at the base; flowers subsessile, conglome¬ 
rate, four-stamened; fruits smooth; bark of the branchlets 
corky-winged. The cork-barked, or, as we commonly call 
it, the Dutch elm, because it was introduced from Holland at 
the beginning of King William’s reign, is chiefly remarkable 
for its quick growth, and fungous rough bark.—Native of 
Europe. The wood is of very inferior quality. There are 
three varieties. 
3. Ulmus montana, broad-leaved elm, or wych-hasel.—■ 
Leaves doubly-serrate, acuminate, unequal at the base, 
flowers peduncled, diffused. The broad-leaved elm, called 
also the wych-hasel, has the bark of the branchlets smooth and 
even. The leaves are wider than in the preceding, less harsh 
and acuminate. The wood is less solid. The trunk soon di¬ 
vides into long wide-spreading winged branches; and when 
at its full growth seldom rises to above one-third of the height 
of the campestris.—It is found in shady lanes and the out¬ 
skirts of woods in most parts of England, and seems clearly to 
be indigenous. 
The smooth-leaved elm is in bigness and height like the 
first, but the boughs grow as those of the wych-hasel do, 
hanging more downwards than those of the common elm. 
Mr. Hanbury enumerates seven sorts of the European elm : 
—The true English elm, the narrow-leaved Cornish elm, the 
Dutch elm, the black Worcestershire elm, the narrow-leaved 
wych elm, the broad-leaved wych elm, the upright wych 
elm. Experience, however, teaches us-that from the difference 
of soil and situation the varieties are very numerous. 
4. Ulmiis Americana, or American elm.—Leaves equally 
serrate, unequal at the base. Three varieties of the American 
elm are mentioned in the catalogue of the Royal Botanic 
Garden at Kew. 1. The red or Canada elm, which grows in 
its native country to a vast size. 2. The white elm is so 
named from the whiteness of the branches. 3. The drooping 
or weeping elm ; distinguished by its oblong smoothish 
leaves, and its pendent branches. The American differs from 
the European elm in having the leaves equally serrate.— 
Native of the forests of Virginia and other parts of North 
America. 
5. Ulmus nemoralis, or hornbeam-leaved elm.—Leaves ob¬ 
long, smoothish, equally serrate, almost equal at the base; 
flowers fessile.—The hornbeam-leaved elm is also a native of 
North America. 
6. Ulmus pumila, or dwarf elm.—Leaves equally serrate, 
equal at the base. In southern Russia, the ulmus pumila often 
contends with the oak in stature. The branches are more 
slender than in the other species, divaricating, and of a grayish 
ash-colour. Wood very hard and tough, gray, remarkably 
waved with transverse lines of a deeper colour, larger fibred, 
and, when exposed to the air, becomes yellower than oak, 
and is preferable to it. The ashes exported from Riga under 
the name of Waidasche are made entirely from the wood of 
this and other elms, burnt in brick furnaces. The root is 
beautifully variegated and fit for the use of the turner. 
7. Ulmus integrifolia, or entire-leaved elm.—Leaves quite 
entire. Trunk straight and high.—This whole-leaved elm is 
a very large timber tree, a native of the Circar mountains; 
called by the Telingas Naulie. 
Propagation and Culture .—All the sorts of elm may be 
either propagated by layers or suckers taken from the roots 
of the old trees, the latter of which is generally practised by 
the nursery gardeners; but as these are often cut up with in¬ 
different roots, they often miscarry, and render the success 
doubtful; whereas those which are propagated by layers are 
in no hazard, and always make better roots, and come on 
faster than the other. When these layers are well rooted, 
which will be in one year, they should be taken off, and 
transplanted out into a nursery, which should be upon a good 
soil, and well prepared. The plants should be planted in 
rows about four feet asunder, and two feet distance plant from 
plant in the rows. This should be done in autumn as soon 
as the leaves begin to decay. In this nursery they may re¬ 
main four or five years, observing constantly to dig the 
ground between them every spring, and to trim them, which 
will promote their growth, and render them strong enough to 
transplant out where they are to remain, in the time before 
mentioned. 
All sorts of elms, the wych excepted, on account of the 
large arms which it throws out, are very proper to plant in 
hedge-rows, upon the borders of fields, where they will thrive 
much better than when planted in a wood, or close planta¬ 
tion, and their shade will not be very injurious to whatever 
grows under them ; but when these trees are transplanted out 
upon banks after this manner, the banks should be w'ell 
wrought, and cleared from all other roots, otherwise the plants, 
being taken from a belter soil, will not make much progress 
in these places. About Michaelmas will be a good time for 
this work. 
These trees are also proper to plant at a distance from a 
garden or building to break the violence of winds, for which 
purpose there is not any tree more useful, for they may be 
trained up in form of a hedge, keeping them cut every year, 
which will cause them to grow very close and handsome to 
the height of forty or fifty feet, and be a great protection 
against the fury of winds; but they should not be planted too 
near a garden, where fruit trees or other plants are placed, be¬ 
cause the roots of the elms run superficially near the top of 
the ground to a great distance, and will intermix with the 
roots of the other trees, and deprive them of nourishment; 
nor should they be planted near gravel or grass walks, which 
are designed to be well kept, because the roots will run into 
them, and send forth suckers in great plenty, which will de¬ 
face the walks, and render them unsightly. 
All sorts of elms may also be increased by grafting upon 
the broad-leaved wych elm. These may be raised from seed, 
and when they have been two years in the nursery will be of 
proper size to receive the graft. The time for felling the elm 
is from November and December to February. 
ULNESWALTON, a township of England, in Lanca¬ 
shire; 5 miles west-by-north of Chorley. Population 529. 
VLODZIMIRZ, or Vladimir, a town of European 
Russia, in the government of Volhynia, on the river Lug. 
It contains 3200 inhabitants; 50 miles east of Zamosc, in 
Poland. 
VLODZIMIRZETZ, 
