X A N 
five or six, roundish, bigger than the calyx, spreading. Sta¬ 
mina : filament one, columnar, erect. Anthers five or six, 
two-lobed, connate in a scutiform head, peltate, concave in 
the centre, full of glue, they open beneath. Female.—Calyx 
as in the male, permanent. Corolla as in the male. Stamina: 
filament none. Anthers five, prismatic, erect, barren. Pistil: 
germ roundish, five or six-streaked, superior. Style none. 
Stigmas five or six, roundish, thick, emarginate, placed on the 
germ. Pericarp: capsule globular, small, five or six-grooved, 
five or six-celled, five or six-valved, opening at the grooves: 
partitions membranaceous, adhering to the receptacle of the 
seeds. Seeds very many, oblong, involved in pulp, fastened 
in single rows to a columnar five or six-angled receptacle.— 
Essential Character. Flowers dioecious. Calyx five-six- 
parted, permanent. Corolla five-six-petalled. Males with 
one filament, bearing five anthers, collected into a shield¬ 
shaped head. Females with five barren anthers. Capsule 
globose, crowned with the stigma, five-striated, five-valved. 
Seeds very many, involved in the pulp. 
3. Xanthe Quapoya.—A shrub with cylindric, knotty, 
spreading, pendent branches, leaves entire, sessile, fleshy, 
smooth, oval, pointed, opposite, and disposed crossways, 
flowers yellow, produced in small heaps from the tips of the 
branches.—Native of Guiana, flowering in November. Native 
name Quapov. 
2. Xanthe Panari.—This differs from the former in having 
less fleshy and smaller leaves, and flowers more closely dis¬ 
posed on the common footstalk : the fruit also is larger and 
more oblong.—Native name Pana-Panari. 
XANTHIUM [from !;a.v8o$, yellow. A decoction of it 
being of a yellow colour], in Botany, a genus of the class 
monoecia, order pentandria, natural order of compositae nu- 
camentaceae, corymbiferae (Juss.) —Generic Character. Male 
flowers compound.—Calyx: perianth common of many flo¬ 
rets, many leave.-, imbricate with slender scales, length of the 
florets, equal. Corolla: compound uniform, tubular. Sta¬ 
mina : filaments five in a tubular cylinder. Anthers erect, 
parallel, distinct. Receptacle: common, scarcely any, se¬ 
parating the florets by chaffs. Female flowers below the 
males, on the same plant, doubled.—Calyx: involucre 
two-flowered, two-leaved : leaflets opposite, three-lobed, 
(lobes acute, the middle one more produced,) fenced by 
hooked prickles, covering on every side and fastened to 
the germ: the little segments loose. Coroila none. Pistil: 
germ oval, hispid. Styles two equal, capillary. Stigmas sim¬ 
ple. Pericarp: drupe dry, ovate-oblong, covered all over with 
hooked prickles, bifid at the top. Seed: nut two-celled.— 
Essential Character. Male. Calyx common imbricate. 
Corolla one-petalled, five-cleft, funnel-form. Receptacle 
chaffy. Female. Calyx involucre two-leaved, two-flowered. 
Corolla none. Drupe dry, muricated, two-cleft. Nucleus 
two-celled. 
1. Xanthium strumarium, or small burdock.—Stem un¬ 
armed, leaves cordate, three-nerved at the base.— Stalk round, 
with many black spots, rising in good ground two feet high, 
and sending out a few side branches. Flowers in loose spikes, 
herbaceous, collected into roundish heads. Native of Europe, 
of Africa about Algiers, of China and Cochinchina, in fields 
and hedges common. 
2. Xanthium orientale.—Stem unarmed, leaves cruciform- 
ovate subtrilobate.—The stalks of this are much thicker, and 
rise higher than those of the first.—Native of China, Japan, 
Ceylon, and Siberia. 
3. Xanthium echinatum. — Stem unarmed, fruit oval 
prickly, prickles hooked, clustered, echinate at the base.— 
Stalk a foot and half high : rough with closely pressed 
bristles: branches very short, alternate.—Native of North 
America. 
4. Xanthium spinosum.—Spines ternate, leaves three-lobed. 
—The stalks of this rise near three feet high, and send out 
many branches the whole length.—Native of Portugal and 
the South of France. 
5. Xanthium fruticosum.—Leaves pinnatifid, segments 
gashed, stem shrubby.—Stem the height of a man, perennial 
X A R 759 
but scarcely woody, erect, roundish, obscure, somewhat hairy: 
branches axillary or lateral, short.—Native of Peru. 
Propagation and Culture. —All these plants, except the 
last, are annual. The first will come up from the seeds which 
fall in autumn, and requires no other care but to thin the 
plants, and keep them clear from weeds. The second sort 
will do the same when the autumn is favourable: but it often 
happens with us that the seeds do not ripen. 
The fourth sort will also in some years perfect seeds on 
self-sown plants, but as they sometimes fail, the sure way is 
to raise the plants on a gentle hot-bed, and to plant them out 
on a warm border in a thin soil: for when they are planted 
in rich ground, they will not produce flowers till late in 
autumn, and the seeds will not ripen. 
For the culture of the fifth sort, see Ambrosia arborescens. 
XANTHORHIZA [from the Gr. };av£ro<;, yellow , and 
a roof], in Botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order 
polygynia, natural order of ranunculaceaa (Juss.)- —Generic 
Character. Calyx none, unless the corolla be so called. 
Corolla: petals five, ovate, acute, spreading. Nectaries five, 
truncate-two-lobed, spreading, inserted into the receptacle, 
alternate with the petals and shorter than them. Stamina: 
filaments five to ten, awl-shaped, very short. Anthers round¬ 
ish. Pistil: germs several (seven to eleven) oblong. Styles awl- 
shaped, curved inwards. Stigmas acute. Pericarp: capsules 
as many, inflated, ovate-oblong, compressed, bluntish, ob¬ 
liquely acuminate with the style, one-celled, bivalved, 
opening at the top. Seeds solitary, oblong, compressed, small. 
—Essential Character. Calyx none. Petals five. Nectaries 
five, pedicelled. Capsule five, one-seeded. 
Xanthorhiza apiifolia.-—This is a low shrub, about three 
feet in height. The root is woody, branched, yellow without, 
saffron-coloured within, and puts forth runners. Stems from 
the root numerous, almost simple, erect. Branches alternate, 
round, marked with rings, ash-coloured, with the inner bark 
yellow. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, five or six inches 
long including the petiole.—Native of North America. 
XANTHOXYLUM [from £av6oc, yellow, and fvAov, 
wood], in Botany, a genus of the class dioecia pentandria, 
natural order of hederaceae, terebintacese (Juss.) —Generic 
Character. Male. — Calyx: perianth five-par(ed; leaflets 
oval, erect, coloured. Corolla none. Stamina: filaments 
commonly five, awl-shaped, erect, longer than the calyx. 
Anthers twin, roundish, grooved. Female.—Calyx as in 
the male. Corolla none. Pistil: germs two to five, round¬ 
ish, ending in styles which are solitary, awl-shaped, longer 
than the calyx. Stigma obtuse. Pericarp: Capsules two to 
five, pedicelled, one-celled, two-valved, opening inwards. 
Seeds solitary, roundish, smooth, hanging by a thread.— 
Essential Character. Calyx five-parted. Corolla none. 
—Female. Pistil five. Capsule five, one-seeded. 
Xanthoxylum clava Herculis, or tooth-ach tree.—This 
rises to the height of fifteen or sixteen feet. Stem woody, 
about a foot thick, covered with a whitish rough bark, and 
armed with short thick spines, growing to a large size as the 
trunk increases in bulk, so as to become protuberances ter¬ 
minating in spines. Leaves in pairs, or without order, com¬ 
posed of three, four, or five pairs of lanceolate leaflets placed 
opposite, and terminated by an odd one; they are of a deep 
green on their upper side, and of a yellowish green beneath, 
a little serrate, and on short foot-stalks. At the end .of the 
branches come forth the peduncles, branching out and form¬ 
ing a loose panicle. It is sometimes called pellitory-tree.— 
There are two species, the first growing in South Carolina, 
the second in Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
Propagation and Culture. —These plants are generally 
propagated by seeds, but as they never ripen in this country, 
they must be procured from those places where they naturally 
grow, or the plants must be propagated by layers. 
XAQUES, a small island of South America, opposite the 
mouth of the river Plata. Lat. 35. 28. S. 
XARAFNEL, a small town in the east of Spain, in Va¬ 
lencia, with 2000 inhabitants; 45 miles west-south-west of 
Valencia. 
X ARAM A, 
