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XYLANDER (William), whose family name was Ho/tz- 
mann, was born in indigent circumstances at Augsburg, in 
1532, and enabled by public liberality to study at Tubingen 
and Basil, in the latter of which places he took the degree of 
M.A. in 1556. In 1558 he was invited to undertake the 
Greek professorship at Heidelberg; where, with all the disad¬ 
vantages of penury, he pursued his literary labours, and ac¬ 
quired an amplitude of erudition, which comprehended the 
learned languages, history, poetry, music, philosophy, and 
physics. The works by which he is chiefly known are 
Latin translations, (with notes,) of Dion Cassius, Plutarch, 
Strabo, and Cedrenus. His life was prematurely terminated 
in consequence of hard study, in 1576, at the age of 44 
years. Moreri. 
XYLOCAR.PUS [from fvXov, wood, and kccottoi;, a fruit. 
The fruit being hard, like wood], in Botany, a genus of the 
class octandria, order monogynia.—Generic Character. Ca¬ 
lyx : perianth one-leafed, club-shaped, coriaceous, somewhat 
coloured, four-toothed : teeth rounded. Corolla: petals four, 
ovate-oblong, somewhat coriaceous, spreading very much, 
twice as long as the calyx. Nectary erect, ovate-inflated, 
somewhat fleshy: mouth eight-cleft. Stamina: filaments 
the eight segments of the nectary, linear, obtuse, emarginate, 
shorter than the corolla. Anthers eight, fastened to the inner 
side of the filaments, linear-oblong, retuse, length of the 
stamens. Pistil: germ ovate, smooth, somewhat wrinkled 
at the base. Style thick, very short. Stigma retuse, wide, 
margined: margin grooved; disk decussately grooved, per¬ 
forated. Pericarp: drupe large, juiceless, globular: rind 
thick, smooth on the outside, marked with four or five 
grooves, within woody, fibrous. Seed: nuts eight, ten or 
more, angular, unequal, difform; rind externally silky and 
soft, internally woody and fibrous : kernel somewhat woody, 
brittle : heart protuberant.— Essential Character. Calyx 
four-toothed. Corolla four-petalled. Nectary eight-cleft. 
Filament inserted into the, nectary. Drupe juiceless, large, 
four or five-grooved. Nuts eight or ten, difform. 
Xylocarpus granatum.—This is a tree of various dimen¬ 
sions, commonly of a large size, but sometimes only a shrub. 
Trunk erect, covered with a cloven hard dusky chestnut-co¬ 
loured bark, and of a middling thickness. Frond oblong, 
sometimes subglobular opaque. Larger boughs scattered; 
smaller commonly opposite, covered with an ash-coloured 
bark, numerous. Leaves opposite, spreading, oblong.club- 
shaped, rounded, or sometimes oblong, acute, quite en¬ 
tire, scarcely convex on the upper surface, smooth, shin¬ 
ing, dark green; on the lower surface veined, with the mid¬ 
rib more prominent stiffish, a little bigger than apple leaves. 
Racemes scattered on the branches, sometimes axillary, some¬ 
what erect, ovate-oblong, small, shorter than the leaves, par¬ 
tial ones opposite, terminating ones commonly trichotomous 
and spreading very much. Peduncles round, smooth, tough, 
red, naked. Peduncles shorter than the flower.—Native of 
the East Indies; in woods that grow in the ouze on the sea- 
coast, among the Rhizophoras. 
XYLO'GRAPHY, s. [xylographie , Fr.; from the Gr. 
IvXov, wood, and a.fa>, to write.] The art of engraving 
on wood. Of very recent usage. 
XYLOMELUM [from ijv/.ov, wood, and ^Xov, an ap¬ 
ple ], in Botany, a genus of the class tetrandria, order mono¬ 
gynia, natural order of proteae (Juss.)—Essential Cha¬ 
racter. Ament with a simple scale. Petals four, stamini- 
ferous. Stigma club-shaped, obtuse.—Habit altogether of 
Brabeium; but it has a wooden capsule, opening at the top 
on one side, and containing two winged seeds, not an al¬ 
mond-like drupe with one seed. Many of the flowers with 
a smaller stigma are abortive.—Native of Australasia. This 
is one of twenty new genera, from the South Seas, the cha¬ 
racters of which are given by Dr. Smith. 
XYLOPIIYLLA [from |vaov, wood, and cpvWov, a leaf],. 
in Botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order trigynia, 
natural order oftricoccae, euphorbiae (Juss.) —Generic Cha¬ 
racter. Calyx: perianth five-parted. Corolla none, (unless 
the calyx be so called). Nectary : six glands at the base of 
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the germ, or a rim surrounding the germ. Stamina: fila¬ 
ments five, very short. Anthers shorter than the flower 
Pistil: germ roundish. Styles three, short. Stigmas jagged, 
(or bifid). Pericarp: capsule roundish, three-celled. Seeds 
two in each cell. It should be referred to Triandria Trigy¬ 
nia; but most of the species are monoicous and polyga¬ 
mous. It differs from Phyllanthus only in having the 
flowers from the notches of the leaf.— Essential Character. 
Calyx five-parted (six-parted), coloured. Corolla none. 
Stigmas jagged. Capsule three-celled. Seeds two. 
1. Xylophylla longifolia, or long-leaved sea-side laurel.— 
Leaves linear; branches four-cornered. Stem suffruticose,even. 
2. Xylophylla latifolia, or broad-leaved sea-side laurel.— 
Leaves pinnate, broad-lanceolate, crenate, flowers peduncled 
hermaphrodite, six-stamined, and females mixed. Stem 
shrubby, one or two feet high. Branches irregular, roundish- 
compressed.—Native of the West Indies, on maritime cal¬ 
careous rocks. 
3. Xylophylla arbuscula.—Leaves pinnate, lanceolate, 
acuminate, subcrenate coriaceous; flowers peduncled, three- 
stamined monoicous. A most elegant, evergreen plant, with 
a woody stem, about three feet high, very simple, and up¬ 
right, and about a finger’s thickness: bark ash-coloured, 
marked with tubercles from the fallen leaves. 
4. Xylophylla falcata, or sickle-leaved sea-side laurel_ 
Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, somewhat sickle-shaped, 
crenate; flowers subsessile, three-stamined monoicous. This 
is a shrub of five or six feet height, with many upright stems 
growing from the root.—Native of the West Indian Islands. 
5. Xylophylla angustifolia, or narrow-leaved sea-side 
laurel.—Leaves pinnate, linear-lanceolate, marked with lines 
crenate; flowers peduncled, hermaphrodite. This tree grows 
fifteen or sixteen feet high, with branches regularly grown, 
which together with the shining green colour of the leaves 
make a very beautiful appearance: the leaves continue green 
all the year. It grows naturally upon the rocks near the 
sea in the islands of the West Indies.—Native of the Bahama 
islands. 
6. Xylophylla montana.—Leaves distich, broad-lanceo¬ 
late, gash-crenate; branches ancipital at the top, flowers 
sessile.—Native of Jamaica. 
7. Xylophylla ramiflora.—Leaves elliptic, flowers axillary. 
—Native of Siberia, among the rocks of the mountains Cha- 
rabon and Tschir. 
Propagation and Culture —All these, except the last, 
being natives of the East and West Indies, are tender and 
must be kept in the bark stove. 
The fifth sort must be placed in a moderate stove in win¬ 
ter, and in summer it may be placed in the open air, in a 
warm sheltered situation. The roots strike so deep into the 
crevices of the rocks, as to render it almost impossible to 
transplant the plants; and the seeds will not grow, unless 
they are sown soon after they are ripe. 
XYLOPIA, in Botany, a genus of the class polyandria, 
order polygynia, natural order of coadunatae, anonaa (Juss.) 
—Generic Character. Calyx: perianth three-leaved: leaflets 
ovate, concave, sharpish, deciduous. Corolla: petals six, 
sessile, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous; the three outer larger 
apd thicker. Stamina: filaments scarcely any. Anthers 
numerous, oblong, fastened to the receptacle at the base of 
the germs. Pistil: germs from two to fifteen, very small, 
fastened to a three-cornered receptacle. Styles none. Stigma 
long, very slender. Pericarp : capsules two to fifteen, pedi- 
celled, four-cornered, compressed, coriaceous, one or two- 
celled, two-valved. Seeds solitary or two together, roundish, 
smooth, within a succulent hemispherical aril.— Essential 
Character. Calyx three-leaved. Petals six. Capsules one 
or two-seeded, four-cornered, two-valved. Seeds arilled. 
1. Xylopia muricata, or rough-fruited bitter-wood.— 
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, strigose beneath, bearded 
at the tip, peduncles many flowered, fruits rauricate. This 
tree grows to the height of fifteen or sixteen feet.—Native 
of Jamaica. 
2. Xylopia frutescens, or shrubby bitter-wood.—Leaves 
lanceolate, 
