ZAC 
ZAC 
various publications; of which the principal is intitled 
“ Questiones Medico-legales, in quibus omnes materise medicse 
quae ad legales facultates videntur pertinere, proponuntur, 
pertractantur, resolvuntura work which has been often 
reprinted. He was also the author, in Italian, of two esteemed 
works, “ Del Vitto Quadragesimale,” 1637, the subject of 
which is the regimen of Diet in Lent; and “ De’ Mali 
Tpocoudriachi,” 1639, a diffuse treatise on hypochondriacal 
affections. He died in 1659, aged 75.— Haller. Eloy. 
Gen. Biog. 
ZACCONI (P. Lodovico), of Pesaro, author of an ample 
treatise on music, entitled “Prattica di Musica,” the first part 
of which was printed at Venice, 1592, and the second in 
1596; a publication in which the author not only proposes 
to give instructions for the regular composition, but the accu¬ 
rate performance of every species of music. The idea is 
splendid; but the world has been so frequently deceived by 
the titles of books, that authors are obliged to abate in their 
promises, in proportion as the expectations of the public are 
diminished. If arts and sciences could be acquired by the 
dead letter of silent instruction, every one who could read, 
in Italy, might, during the times under consideration, have 
been a musician. But though no ingenious occupation was 
perhaps ever yet completely taught by books, without a 
master, or by a master, without books, yet they are excellent 
helps to each other. It is hardly possible for a didactic work 
to satisfy all the doubts that arise in an inquiring mind 
during solitary meditation; particularly in the first stages of 
a student’s journey through the rugged roads of science. But 
when he has made some progress, if he should be separated 
from hisguide, the way becomes daily so much more straight 
and smooth, that by the help of these kinds of charts, he 
will be enabled to advance with tolerable speed and facility 
by himself. 
Zacconi’s work, though sometimes dry and tedious, con¬ 
tains much useful and practical knowledge. And as he is 
almost the only Italian writer on the subject of music who 
has not bewildered himself in inquiries concerning the sys¬ 
tems of the ancient Greeks, or the philosophy of sound, he 
has had the more leisure for analysing the art, and facilitating 
the student’s progress. This author regarded Okenheim, 
Josquin, Isaac, Brumel, Mouton, and Senfelio, as ancients 
compared with Willaert, Morales, Cipriano, Zarlino, and 
Palestrina; and these last, ancient with respect to himself 
and cotemporaries; that as the ancient Greeks and Romans 
produced their musical effects by mere melody, united with 
poetry, and Josquin and other early contrapuntists, by notes 
of different lengths, harmonized and worked into perpetual 
fugue; so the more modern, though the rules of harmony 
are the same, by a different disposition of concords, inver¬ 
sions, and other contrivances, produce a greater variety of 
effects. 
ZACHARIiE (Justus Frederick William), was born at 
Frankenhausen in Thuringia in 1726; and during the course 
of his elementary education at his native place, he distin¬ 
guished himself by various poetical pieces. In 1743 he went 
to Leipsic to study jurisprudence, but directing his chief at¬ 
tention to the belles lettres, he produced his mock-heroic 
poem, entitled “ Renommisten,” which Eichorn, in his His¬ 
tory of Literature, says, was the commencement of heroi- 
comic poetry among the Germans. In the following year, 
he was admitted as an associate by the young men who con¬ 
tributed to the work published under the title of “ Amuse¬ 
ments of Reason and Wit.” From Leipsic, where he remained 
about three years, he removed to Gottingen, where, attracting 
the notice of professor Klaproth, he was recommended by 
him to be a member of the German society. In 1748 he was 
appointed tutor at the Caroline college at Brunswick, and in 
1761 he became professor of poetry in that institution; to 
which, in the succeeding year, were annexed the offices of 
inspector of the typographic and bookselling establishment 
belonging to the Orphan house, and director of the Brunswick 
Intelligencer. From 1768 to 1774 he was editor of the New 
Brunswick Gazette; in 1775 he was appointed to the diaco- 
799 
nate of St. Syriac, at Brunswick; and he died in the month 
of June, 1777, in the 51st year of his age. His biographer 
states, that “ he possessed a very fertile and vivid imagination, 
with a fine taste, improved by observation and acquaintance 
with the world. As a poet, he composed with uncommon 
facility, and tried his talents in almost every species, but was 
the most successful in the descriptive and heroi-comic. His 
burlesque poems were distinguished from every thing of the 
kind that had before appeared in Germany.” A collection 
of Zachariae’s poetical works was published at Brunswick in 
1763—1765, 9 vols. 8vo. Gen. Blog. 
ZACHARIAS (Pope), a native of Greece, succeeded Gre¬ 
gory III. in 741 ; at a time when the Roman territory was 
threatened with an invasion by Luitprand, king of the Lom¬ 
bards, and when the sons of Charles Martel were too much 
engaged by domestic broils to undertake its defence. The 
pope, therefore, tried how far he might avail himself of the 
authority of religion in averting the storm ; and by a solemn 
embassy and personal visit, he not only obtained peace, but 
induced Luitprand to restore to the Roman see four cities 
which he had taken from it. He also interposed, in 743, 
with Luitprand on behalf of the exarch of Ravenna, and pre¬ 
vailed with him to desist from an invasion of the exarchate, 
and to grant peace, as well as to give back the fortress of 
Cesena to the exarch; and in the same year he held a council 
at Rome to settle some matters of discipline, particularly such 
as related to the clergy. During the pontificate of Zacharias 
in the year 746, Carloman, the eldest son of Charles Martel, 
who had surrendered his dominions to his brother Pepin, 
went to Rome, and assumed the monastic habit, with which 
he was solemnly invested by the pope. Zacharias, having 
displayed talents in the exercise of his office, which gave him 
rank among the greatest of the popes, and having established 
an estimable character by his liberality to the poor, and by 
his munificence in public works, died in 752, in the 11th 
year of his pontificate. Some of his decrees and epistles, and 
also his translation of the dialogues of St. Gregory from 
Latin into Greek, are extant. Bower. 
ZACHARIE, a town of France, department of the Var, 
with 1500 inhabitants; 9 miles south-west of St. Maximien. 
ZACHEO, or Desechio, a small island, eight or nine 
leagues to the north-east-by-north of Mona, between the is¬ 
land of St. Domingo and that of Puerto Rico. It is nothing 
more than a green mountain, 800 or 1000 yards long. 
ZACHTLEVEN (Cornelius), was born at Rotterdam in 
1606, and became an admirable painter of scenes of humour, 
imitating the style of Brouwer; but in subjects of a more 
sober description, which he also painted, such as farm-houses, 
kitchens, and the recreations of villagers, &c. he chose the 
more light and agreeable style of Teniers for his model; and 
in that style attempted to embody the same description of 
persons and compositions. In neither, however, of his imi¬ 
tations did he attain an equal degree of spirit or of truth with 
his prototypes. His works are well composed, and the touch 
with which they are executed is bold and free; they are not 
often met with, but are thought deserving of a place in the 
best collections. 
ZACHTLEVEN (Herman), was the younger brother of 
Cornelius, and was born at Rotterdam in 1609. He is said 
to have been the pupil of Van Goyen, but did not follow the 
style of that master. His principal occupation appears to 
have been in painting views of the banks of the Rhine and 
the Meuse. These he executed in a very neat manner, but 
with a mean and common-place style of selection and imita¬ 
tion. The tones and hues of his pictures are generally cold, 
but fresh; and as he appears to have had great knowledge of 
aerial perspective, his distances are well preserved; and the 
forms drawn with great care and minuteness. He never left 
Flanders, though it has been asserted that he went to Italy. 
His drawings are numerous, and are carefully preserved in the 
best collections. He died in 1685, aged 76. Both he and 
his brother Cornelius employed the etching-needle, and left 
several neatly executed plates, from designs of their own. 
ZACKEN, a river of Prussian Silesia, which rises amone 
the 
