828 
ZOOLOGY, 
Order III. Chiroptera. —The fingers of the fore feet, the 
thumb excepted, are, in these animals, longer than the whole 
body; and between them is stretched a thin membrane for 
flying. Hence they are as little capable of walking on the 
ground as apes, with their hands, or sloths, with their hooked 
claws, which are calculated for climbing.—1. Vespertilio, 
bat, calugo, &c. 
Order IV. Digitata. —Mammifera, with separate toes, 
on all four feet. This order contains the greatest number of 
genera and species, and is therefore conveniently divided, 
according to the differences of the teeth, into three families, 
glires, ferce, and hruta. 
(A) Glires .—With two chisel-shaped incisor teeth in 
each jaw, for the purpose of gnawing without canine teeth. 
—1, Sciurus, squirrel.—2. Glis, dormouse (Myoxus, Linn.) 
—3. Mus, mouse and rat.—4. Marmota, marmot.—5. Savia, 
guinea-pig.—6. Lepus, hare and rabbit.—7. Jaculus, jerboa. 
—8. Hystrix, porcupine. 
(B) Ferte .—With pointed or angular front teeth, and 
mostly with only a single canine tooth on each side, which 
is generally, however, of remarkable size and strength. The 
carnivorous animals, properly so called, and some other ge¬ 
nera with teeth of the same kind, compose this family.— 
1. Erinaceus,hedgehog.—2. Sorex, shrew.—3. Talpa, mole. 
—4. Didelphis marsupialis, opossum.—5. Viverra, weasels, 
ferret, polecat, civet.—6. Mustela, stunk, stoat, &c.—7. Ursus, 
bear.—8. Canis, dog, wolf, jackal], fox, hysena.—9. Felis, 
cat, lion, tiger, leopard, lynx, panther, &c. 
The three first genera belong to the insectivora of Cuvier; 
their feet are short, and their power of motion weak. They 
have no ccecum, and, walking, they rest the whole of the foot 
on the ground. They live principally on insects, whence 
their name is derived. The fourth genus belongs to the 
marsupialia of Cuvier; the animals of this class have a 
pouch in the abdomen, which contains the mammae, as well 
as the young in their early state. The remaining genera, 
with the exception of the bear, belong to the digitigrada of 
Cuvier. 
(C) Bruta .—Without teeth, or at least without front teeth. 
—1. Bradypus, sloth.—2. Myrmecophaga, ant-eater.— 3. 
Manis, scaly ant-eater.—4. Dasypus or Tatu, armadillo. 
This order forms the edentata of Cuvier, the tongue is 
long, slender, and projectile, for seizing the insects on which 
the animals live. The armadillo, manis, ant-eater, and orni- 
thorhynchus, or duck-billed animal, belong to this order. 
Order V. Solidungula (Solipeda, Cuv.)—A single toe 
on each foot, with an undivided hoof. Large intestines, and 
particularly an enormous ccecum. Incisors in both jaws.— 
1. Equus, horse or ass. 
Order VI. Bisulca (Pecora.)—These are the ruminantia 
of Cuvier, their hoof is divided. No incisors in the upper 
jaw. Stomach consisting of four cavities. Rumination of the 
food. Long intestines.—1. Camelus, camel, dromedary, 
lama.—2. Capra, sheep, goat.—3. Antelope, antelope, cha¬ 
mois.—4. Bos, ox, buffalo.—5. Giraffa, giraffe, or camelo¬ 
pard.—6. Cervus, elk, deer kind.'—7. Moschus, musk. 
Order VII. Multungula (Belluse.)—Animals of an 
unshapely form, and a tough and thick hide; whence they 
have been called by Cuvier, pachydermata (from r.ayy$, 
thick, and Sey/za, skin). They have more than two toes; in¬ 
cisors in both jaws, and in some cases enormous tusks.—1. 
Sus, pig kind, pecari, babiroussa.—2. Tapir.—3. Elephas. 
—4. Rhinoceros.—5. Hippopotamus. 
Order VIII. Palmata. —Mammifera, with webbed feet, 
the genera being divided (as in the order Digitata) according 
to the forms of the teeth, into three families: 
(A) Glires. (B) Ferte. (C) Bruta. 
(A) Glires .—With chisel-shaped gnawing teeth.—Castor, 
beaver. (B) Ferte .—With the teeth of carnivorous animals. 
—Phoca, seal. (C) Bruta .—Without teeth, or at least with¬ 
out front teeth.—Ornithorhynchus, duck-billed animal.— 
Trichechus, walrus. 
The last genus of the order, together with the phoca (seal), 
•onstitutes the amphibia of Cuvier. These animals have 
short members, adapted for swimming. 
Order IX. Cetacea. —Whales living entirely in the sea, 
and formed like fishes; breathe by an opening at the top of 
the head, called the blowing-hole, through which they 
throw out the water, which enters their mouth with the food. 
Smooth skin, covering a thick layer of oily fat. No exter- 
nal ear. A complicated stomach. Multilobular kidneys; 
larynx of a pyramidal shape, opening towards the blowing- 
hole. Testes within the abdomen. Mamnra at the sides of 
the vulva. Bones of the anterior extremity concealed and 
united by the skin, so as to form a kind of fin.—]. Mono- 
don, narwhale, sea-unicorn.—2. Balaena, proper whales.— 
3. Physeter, macroeephalus, white whale.—4. Delphinus, 
dolphin, porpoise. 
Cuvier distributes the class mammalia into three grand 
divisions:— 
1. Those which have claws or nails, (mammiferes d 
ongles) including the following orders: bimana, quadru- 
mana, chiroptera, plantigrada, carnivora, pedimana, rodentia, 
edentata, tardigrada. 
2. Those which have hoofs (mammif. d ongles) includ¬ 
ing the pachydermata, ruminantia, and solipeda. 
3. Those which have extremities adapted for swimming 
(mammif. a pieds en nageoire). Amphibia and cetacea. 
Class II. Birds. —Birds are oviparous. They have only 
one ovarium and one oviduct, in which they differ from 
other oviparous animals. The head is supported on the first 
vertebra of the neck by ffsingle eminence. The vertebrae of 
the neck are very numerous, and the sternum very large. 
The anterior extremities are used for flying, and the posterior 
for walking. 
The eyes have three eye-lids. There is no external ear; 
the tympanum contains only one bone, and the cochlea is 
a cone, slightly curved. The tongue has a bone internally. 
The body is covered with feathers. The lungs are attached 
to the ribs. The air passes through the lungs in its way to 
the air-bags, which are dispersed throughout the body. 
There is no diaphragm. The trachea has a larynx at each 
end, and the upper one has no epiglottis. The upper mouth 
consists of a horny bill without lips, teeth, or gums, and 
both mandibles are moveable. 
The pancreas and liver send out several excretory ducts, 
which enter the intestines at different places. The chyle is 
transparent, and there are no mesenteric glands nor omen¬ 
tum. The spleen is in the centre of the mesentery. The 
ureters terminate in a cavity called the cloaca, which also 
affords an exit to the solid excrement and to the eggs. There 
is no urinary bladder. 
Blumenbach divides them into two leading divisions. 
Division (a). — Land Birds. —Order I. Accipitres.-— 
Birds of prey, almost all with short strong feet, large sharp 
claws, and a strong hooked beak, which, for the most part, 
terminates above in two short cutting points, and is com¬ 
monly covered at the root with a fleshy membrane. A 
membranous stomach, and short cceca.—L Vultur, vultures. 
—2. Falco, falcon, eagle, hawk, kite.—3. Strix, owl.— 4 . 
Lanius, shrike or butcher-bird. 
Order II. Levirostres.— Light-billed birds, having a 
large hollow bill.—1. Psittacus, parrot kind.-—2. Ramphas- 
tos, toucan.—3. Buceros, rhinoceros bird. 
Order III. Pici. —The birds of this order have short feet, 
and commonly a straight bill.—1. Picus, woodpecker.—2. 
Yunx, wryneck.—3. Sitta, nuthatch.—4. Alcedo.kingsfisher. 
—5. Merops, bee-eater.-—6. Upupa, hoopoe.—7. Certhio, 
creeper.—8. Trochilus, humming birds, &c. &c. 
Order IV. Coraces. —The birds of this order have short 
feet, with a strong bill, convex on the upper part, and of 
moderate size.—1. Buphaga, ox-pecker.—2. Crotophaga, 
razor-billed blackbird.—3. Corvus, crow, raven, jackdaw, 
magpie, jay, &c.—4. Coracias, roller.—5. Gracula, minor 
grakle.—6. Paradisea, birds of paradise.—7. Cuculus, cuckoo. 
—8. Oriolus, oriole. 
Order V. Passeres. —Small singing birds, with short and 
slender feet, and conical sharp-pointed bills, of various size 
and form.—1. Alauda, lark.—2. Sturnus, starling.—3. Tur- 
dus, thrush, blackbird.—4. Ampelis, chatterer.—5. Loxia, 
cross- billed 
