ZOOLOGY. 
cross-billed tribe.—6. Emberizo, bunting.—7. Fringilla, 
finches, canary-bird, linnet, sparrow.—8. Musicapa, fly¬ 
catcher.—9. Motacilla, nightingale, redbreast, wren.—10. 
Pipra, manakin.—11. Parus, titmouse.—12. Hirundo, swal¬ 
low, martins, &c.-—13. Caprimulgus, goatsucker, &c. 
Order VI. Gallinjs. —Gallinaceous birds, mostly do- 
mesticated, have short legs with a convex bill, which is co¬ 
vered with a fleshy membrane at its base, and of which the 
upper half overlaps the lower on each side. They possess a 
large crop.-—1. Colomba, pigeons.—2. Tet.rao, grouse, quail, 
pranridge.—3. Numida, guinea-fowl.-—4. Phasianus, cock, 
pheasant.—5. Crax, curesso.—6. Meleagris, turkey.—7. 
Pavo, peacock.—8. Otis, bustard. 
Order VII. Struthiones. —Struthious birds. The 
largest of the class; possess extremely small wings, and are 
therefore incapable of flight; but run very swiftly.— 1. Stru- 
thio, ostrich, cassowary.—2.—Didus, dodo. 
Division (B) Aquatic Birds. —Order I. Graljug. 
These birds have cylindrical bills of various lengths; long 
stilt-like legs; long neck, and short tail. They mostly live 
in marshes, and feed on amphibia.—1. Phcenicopterus, 
flamingo.—-2. Platalsea, spoonbill.—3. Palamedea, horned 
screamer.—4. Ardea, crane, stork, heron, bittern.-—5. Tan¬ 
talus, ibis, &c.—6. Scolopax, woodcock, snipe, curlew.—7. 
Tringa, lapwing, ruffs and reeves.—8. Charadrius, plover.—- 
9. Hamatopus, sea-pie.—10. Fulica, water-hen, coot.—11. 
Parra, spur-winged water-hen.—12. Rail us, rail.—13. Pso- 
phia, trumpeter. 
Order II. Anseres.—Swimming birds; web-footed; the 
upper mandible mostly ends in a little hook, and, together 
with the lower, is in most instances plentifully supplied with 
nerves.—1. Rhincops, sea-crow.—2. Sterna, noddy, silver 
bird.—3. Colymbus, diver.—4. Larus, gull.—5. Plotus, 
darter.—6. Phaeton, tropic bird.—7. Procellaria, petrel.—8. 
Diomedea, albatross.—9. Pelecanus, pelican, cormorant.—- 
10. Anas, swan, duck, goose.—11. Mergus, goosander.—12. 
Alca, auk, puffin.—13. Aptenodytes, penguin. 
The two classes of cold-blooded, vertebral animals are the 
Amphibia and Fishes. 
The animals of the former class differ from one another in 
many very essential particulars, and have not so many cha¬ 
racters in common as the other classes. Some of the reptiles 
walk, some fly, some swim, many can only creep. The 
organs of the senses, and particularly the ear, differ almost as 
much as the organs of motion ; none of the reptiles, however, 
have a cochlea. The skin is either naked or covered with 
scales. The brain is always very small. The lungs are in 
the same cavity with the other viscera; there are no air-bags 
beyond the lungs, but the cells of these organs are very large. 
There is but one larynx, and no epiglottis. Both the jaws 
are moveable. There are neither mesenteric glands, nor 
omentum. The spleen is in the centre of the mesentery. 
The female has always two ovaria and two oviducts. There 
is a bladder. 
The class of reptiles, in the arrangement of Cuvier, cor¬ 
responds to the orders of reptiles pedati, and serpentes 
apodes, belonging to the class of amphibia in the System a 
Natura of Linnaeus.- 
Order I. Reptilia, having four feet, ( quadrupeda ovi- 
para) the toes of which are, according to their mode of life, 
either separate, (pedes d gitati ) connected by membranes, 
( palmati) or confounded with one another in the form of a 
fia, (pinnati.) —1. Testudo.—2. Rana.—3. Draco.—-4. La- 
cert a. 
Order II. Serpentia. —No external organs of motion; 
body of an elongated form, covered with scales, plates, or 
rings. Their slender, and for the most part cloven tongue 
serves them for tasting. Many are provided with an active 
venom, contained in little bags on the front of the upper jaw, 
secreted by particular glands, and conveyed into the wound 
made in biting by means of isolated teeth, which are tubular, 
with a longitudinal opening at the top. They are oviparous, 
but the egg is sometimes hatched in the oviduct. Both jaws 
moveable.—1. Crotalus, rattle-snake.—2. Boa. Immense 
Vol. XXIV. No 1676. 
829 
serpents of India and Africa.—-3. Coluber, viper.—4. An- 
guis, blind-worm.—5. Amphisbrena.-—6. Caecilia. 
Fishes respire by means of organs in the shape of combs, 
placed at the two sides of the neck, between which they force 
water to pass. They have, consequently, neither trachea, 
larynx, nor voice. The body is formed for swimming. Be¬ 
sides the four fins, which correspond to the limbs, they have 
vertical ones upon the back, under the tail, and at its extre¬ 
mity ; but they are sometimes wanting. 
The nostrils are not employed in respiration. The ear is 
quite hid within the cranium. The skin is naked, or covered 
with scales. The tongue is osseous. Both jaws are moveable. 
There are often cceca in place of the pancreas. There is a 
bladder and two ovaria. 
The animals destitute of vertebrae have less in common, 
and form a less regular series than the vertebraterl animals. 
But, when they have hard parts, these are generally placed 
on the outside of the body, at least when articulated; and 
the nervous system has not its middle part inclosed within a 
canal of bone, but loosely situated in the same cavity with 
the other viscera. 
The brain is the only part of the nervous system which is 
placed above the alimentary canal. It sends out two branches, 
which encircle the oesophagus like a necklace, and which 
afterwards unite and form the common fasciculus of the nerves. 
None of the animals without vertebrae respire by cellular 
lungs, and none of them have a voice. Their jaws are placed 
in all kinds of directions, and many of them have only organs 
of suction. None of them have kidneys, or secrete urine. 
Those among them which have articulated members, have al¬ 
ways six at least. 
Division (A) Cartilaginous Fishes.—O rder I. Chon- 
dropterygii ; have no branchial operculum, and, in most, 
the mouth is placed on the under side of the head.—1. Pet- 
romyzon, lamprey.—2. Gastrobranchus, hag-fish.—3. Raia, 
ray, skate, torpedo, stingray.—4, Squalus, shark, saw-fish.— 
5. Lophius, sea-devil, frog-fish.—6. Balistes, file-fish.—7. 
Chimsera, sea-ape. 
Order II. Branchiostegi, with opercula to the gills.— 
1. Accipenser, sturgeon, beluga.—2. Ostracion, trunk-fish. 
—3. Tetrodon, globe-fish.—4. Diodon, porcupine-fish.— 
5. Cyclopterus, lumpsucker.—6. Centriscus, snipe-fish.—7. 
Syngnathus, pipe-fish.—S. Pegasus, sea-dragon. 
Division (B) Bony Fishes, divided according to the 
situation of their fins. Order I. Apodes, without ventral 
fins.—1. Muraena, eel-kind.—2. Gymnotus, electrical eel.— 
3. Trichiurus.—4. Annarrbichus, sea-wolf.—5. Ammodites, 
launce.—6. Ophidium.—-7. Stromateus.-—8. Xiphias, sword¬ 
fish.—9. Leptocephalus. 
Order II. Jugulares. Ventral fins in front of the tho¬ 
racic.—1. Callionymus, dragonet.—2. Uranoscopus, star¬ 
gazer.—3. Trachinus, sting-fish.—4. Gadus, haddock, cod, 
whiting, ling.—5. Blennius, eel-pout. 
Order III. Thoracici. Ventral fins directly under the 
thoracic.—1. Cepola, ribbon-fish.—2. Echeneis, sucking- 
fish.—3. Coryphaena, dorado.—4. Gobius, Gudgeon.—5. 
Cottus, pogge.—6. Scorpaena.—7. Zeus, dory.—8. Pleu- 
ronectes, flounder, plaice, dab, halibut, sole, turbot_9. 
Chaetodon.—10. Sparus, gilthead, sea-bream.—11. Labrus, 
rainbow-fish.—12. Sciaenae.—13. Perea, perch.—14. Gas- 
terosteus, stickleback. —15. Scomber, mackerel, bonito, 
tunny.—16. Mullus, mullet.—17. Trigla, flying-fish. 
Order IV. Abdominales. Ventral fins behind the tho¬ 
racic; chiefly inhabit fresh water.—1. Cobitis, loach.— 2. 
Silurus.—3. Loncaria, harness-fish.—4. Salmo, salmon, trout, 
smelt.—5. Fistularia.— 6. Esox, pike.— 7 . Polypterus.— 8. 
Elops.—9. Argentina.—10. Atherina.—11. Mugil.—12. Exo- 
coetus.— 13. Polynemus.—14. Clupea, herring, sprat, shad. 
—15. Cyprinus, carp, tench, gold-fish, minnow, &c. &c. 
The invertebral animals were distributed by Linnaeus into 
two classses, insects and worms (vermes). In this arrange¬ 
ment the insects of Linnaeus are divided into Crustacea and 
insecta; and the vermes of the same author form three classes, 
viz. mollusca, vermes, and zoophyta. 
8 Z 
The 
