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ZOOLOGY. 
The Insects in their perfect state have, like the Crus¬ 
tacea, articulated limbs and antennae. Most of them have 
also membranous wings, which enable them to fly. All these 
last pass through several metamorphoses, in one of which 
they are quite destitute of the power of motion. All of them 
have a nervous system similar to that of the Crustacea; but 
insects have neither heart nor blood-vessels, and respire by 
tracheae. Not only the liver, but all the secreting organs are 
wanting, and their place is supplied by long vessels, which 
float loosely in the abdomen. The form of the intestinal 
canal is often very different in the same individual, in its 
three different states. 
As the class of insects corresponds to the same class in the 
Systema Naturae, (see Natural History in this work) with the 
exception of the two genera cancer and monoculus separated 
from it, in order to form the class of Crustacea; it is unneces¬ 
sary to transcribe here the different genera or orders. 
The Vermes may be divided into two orders; the intes¬ 
tinal, which inhabit the bodies of other animals; and the ex¬ 
ternal. 
The former are not of such a conplicated organization as 
the latter; so that they are sometimes arranged among the 
zoophytes. The external worms have a nervous chord pos¬ 
sessing ganglia, an elongated body composed of rings; and 
having no distinct head. There are no members. Circulat¬ 
ing vessels, but no heart. No nerves have been discovered 
in the intestinal worms. 
The class of worms comprehends some of the genera 
arranged by Linnteus among the vermes intestina, such as the 
lumbricus, gordius, thrudo; some of the genera placed by 
the same naturalist among the vermes mollusca, such as the 
aphrodita, nereis, terebella, and lastly some genera included 
in his order of vermes testacea, such as the serpula dental ium. 
Order I. Intestina. —1. Gprdius, hair-worm.—2. As- 
caris, thread-worm, round warm.—3. Trichocephalus.—4. 
Echinorhynchus.—5. Lumbricus, earth-worm.—G. Fasciola, 
fluke.—7. Taenia, tape-worm.—8. Ilydatis, hydatid.—9. 
Sipunculus.—10. Hirudo, leech. 
The class of mollusca comprehends the greater part of the 
animals which Linnaeus has arranged in the two orders of 
mollusca and testacea, in the class of vermes; such as the 
sepia, limax, ascidia, helix, ostrea, patella, pholas, teredo, &c. 
The body of the mollusca is fleshy, soft, and without 
articulated members, though sometimes containing hard parts 
internally, and sometimes covered completely by hard shells. 
They have arterial and venous vessels, within which the 
blood undergoes a true circulation. 
They respire by branchiae. The brain is a distinct mass, 
from which the nerves and medulla oblongata proceed. 
There are ganglia in different parts of the body. 
The internal senses vary as to their number. Some of the 
mollusca have the organs of sight and hearing quite distinct, 
while others seem to be confined to the senses of touch and 
taste. Many of them can masticate their food; others have 
the power of swallowing only. 
They have a very large liver, which affords a great quantity 
of bile. The organs of generation vary extremely. 
Order II. Mollusca. —1. Limax, slug.—2 Aplysia.— 
3. Doris.—.4. Glaucus.—5. Aphrodita, sea-mouse.—6. Am- 
phitrite.—7. Nereis.—8. Nais.—9. Ascidia.—10. Actinia. 
—11. Tethys.—12. Holothuria.—13. Thalia.—14. Tere¬ 
bella,—15. Lemma.—16. Scyllrea.—17. Clio.—18. Sepia, 
cuttle-fish. —19. Medusa, sea-blubber. 
Order III. Testacea. —These animals very much resem¬ 
ble the worms of the preceding order.— 1. Chiton.—2. Le- 
pas, acorn-shell.—3. Pholas, pierce stone.—4. Mya, muscle. 
—5, Solen, razor-shell.—6. Tellina.—7. Cardium, cockle. 
—8. Mactra.—9. Donax—10. Venus.—11. Spondylus.—■ 
12. Chama.—13. Area, ark.—14. Ostrea, oyster.—15. Ano- 
vnia.—16. Mytylus, muscle.—17. Pinna, sea-wing.—18. 
Argonauta, paper-sailor—19. Nautilus.—20. Conus.—21. 
Cypraea.—22. Bulla, dipper.—23. Voluta, rhomb-shell.— 
24. Buccinum, whelk.—25. Strombus, screw.—26. Murex, 
rock-shell.—27. Troclms, top-shell.—28. Turbo, whirl- 
wreath.—29. Helix, snail.—30. Merita.—31. Haliotis, sea- 
ear.—32. Patella, limpet.—33. Dentalium, tooth-shell.—34. 
Serpula, worm-shell.—35. Teredo. 
Order IV. Crustacea.— The body is covered with a hard 
crust in separate pieces. There are articulated limbs, which 
are often very numerous. The nervous system consists of a 
long, knotted cord, from the ganglia of which proceed all the 
nerves. 
The eyes are compound, hard, moveable. The ears are 
very imperfect. For the sense of touch, the Crustacea have 
antennae and palpi, like insects. They have a heart, arterial 
and venous vessels, and branchiae for respiration. The jaws 
are transverse, strong, and numerous. The stomach has teeth 
within. The numerous ececa afford a brown liquor, which 
seems to be in the place of bile. The penis is double, and 
there are two ovaria.—1. Echinus, sea-hedgehog.—2. Aste- 
rias, sea-stars.—3. Encrinus. 
Order V. Corallia.— They inhabit certain immovable 
dwellings which, in most cases, are of a stony consistence, 
and are called corals. —1. Tubipora.—2. Madrepora.—3. 
Millepora.—4. Cellepora.—5. Isis.—6. Gorgonia.—7. Al- 
cyonium, animal hydra.—8. Spongia.—9. Flustra.—10. Tu- 
bularia.—11. Corallina.—12. Sertularia.—13. Cellularia. 
Order VI. Zoophyta.— The class of Zoophytes corre¬ 
spond to the Zoophyta and lythopyta of Linnaeus, but also- 
include some of the vermes mollusca, such as the echinus, 
asterias, holothuria, actinia, medusa, together with the genus 
sipunculus from the vermes intestina.—1. Pennatula.—2. 
Hydra.—3. Brachionus, blossom-polype.—4. Vorticella.— 
5. Fureularia, wheel animal.—6. Vibrio.—7. Volvox._8. 
Chaos. 
Outline of Cuvier’s classification of Animals; with Examples 
of Species belonging to each Division. 
Class I. Vertebrata.— Order 1. Mammalia. —Bimana, 
man.—Quadrumana, monkey, ape, lemur.—Cheiroptera, bat, 
colugo.—Insectivora, hedgehog, shrew, mole—Plantigrada, 
bear, badger, glutton.—Digitigrada, dog, lion, cat, martin, 
weasel, otter.—Amphibia, seal, walrus.—Marsupialia, opos¬ 
sum, kangaroo.—Rodentia, beaver, rat, squirrel, porcupine, 
horse.—Edentata, sloth, armadillo, ant-eater, pangolin.— 
Paehydermata, elephant, hog, rhinoceros, tapir, horse.—Ru- 
minantia, camel, musk, deer, giraffe, antelope, goat, sheep, 
ox.—Cetacea, dolphin, whale. 
Order 2. Aves. —Accipitres, vulture, eagle, owl.—Passe- 
res, thrush, swallow, lark, crow, sparrow, wren.—Scansores,. 
woodpecker, cuckoo, toucan, parrot.—Gallinae, peacock, 
pheasant, grouse, pigeon.—Grallse, plover, stork, snipe, ibis, 
flamingo.—Palmipedes, auk, grebe, gull, pelican, swan, 
duck. 
Order 3. Reptilia. —Chelonia, tortoise, turtle.—Sauria, 
crocodile, lizard, chamelion.—Ophidia, serpents, boa, viper. 
—Batrachia, frog, salamander, proteus, siren. 
Order 4. Pisces. —Chondropferygii, lamprey, shark, ray, 
slurgeon.—Plectognathi, sun-fish, trunk-fish.—Lophobbran- 
chi, pipe-fish, pegasus. — Malacopterygii, salmon, herring, 
pike, carp, silurus, cod, sole, remora, eel.—Acanthopterygii, 
perch, mackerel, sword-fish. 
Class II. Mollusca. —Cephalopoda, sepia, nautilus.— 
Pteropoda, clio, hyalsea.—Gasteropoda, slug, snail, limpet. 
—Acephala, oyster, muscle, ascidia, pyrusoma.—Brachio- 
poda, lingula, terebratula.—Cirrhopoda, barnacle. 
Class III. Articulata. —Order 1. Annelides, or Ver- 
mes. —Tubicolffi, serpula, sabella.—Dorsibranchiae, nereis, 
aphrodite.—Abranchiee, earth-worm, leech. 
Order 2. Crustacea. —Decapoda, crab, lobster, prawn. 
—Stomapoda, squill.—Amphipoda, gammarus.—Isopoda, 
asellus.—Branchiopoda, monoculus. 
Order 3. Arachnida. —Pulmonalia, spider, scorpion.— 
Trachealia, phalangium, mite. 
Order 4. Insecta.—A ptera, centipede, podura.—Coleop- 
tera, beetle, glow-worm.—Orthoptera, grasshopper, locust. 
—Hemiptera, fire-fly,aphis.—Neuroptera, dragon-fly, ephe¬ 
mera.—Hymenoptera, bee, wasp, ant.—Lepidoptera, butter¬ 
fly* 
