834 
ZOOLOGY. 
this organ consists of two or more portions manifestly distinct 
externally, and forming as many stomachs. There are two 
of these in the hamster, three in the kangaroo and taja^u, 
four in the sloths. 
The carnivorous cetacea have also a complicated stomach, 
consisting in some species of three, in others of four, and even 
of five subdivisions. 
The most complicated and artificial arrangement, both 
with respect to structure and mechanism, is found in the well 
known four stomachs of the ruminating animals with divided 
hools; of this we shall take as examples, the cow and sheep. 
The first stomach, or paunch, (rumen, penula, magnus ven¬ 
ter, ingluvies; Fr. le double, l’herbier, la panse,) is by lar 
the largest in the adult animal ; not so, however, in the re¬ 
cently born calf or lamb. It is divided externally into two 
saccular appendices at its extremity, and it is slightly separat¬ 
ed into four parts on the inside. Its internal coat is beset 
with innumerable flattened papillae. 
The second stomach, honeycomb bag, bonnet, or king’s- 
hood, (reticulum arsineum, oliula; Fr. le bonnet, le reseau,) 
may be regarded as a globular appendage of the paunch; and 
is distinguished Irom the latter part by the elegant arrange¬ 
ment of its internal coat, which forms polygonal and acute- 
angled cells, or superficial cavities. 
The third stomach, which is the smallest, is called the ma- 
nyplus, which is a corruption of manyplies, (echinus, con¬ 
clave, centipellio, omasum; Fr. le feuillet, le pseautier); it 
is distinguished from the two former, both by its form, which 
has been compared to that of a hedge-hog when rolled up, 
and by its internal structure. Its cavity is much contracted 
by numerous and broad duplieatures of the internal coat, 
which lie lengthwise, vary in breadth in a regular alternate 
order, and amount to about forty in the sheep, and one hun¬ 
dred in the cow. 
The fourth, or the red, (abomasum, faliscus, ventriculus 
intestinal is; Fr. la caillette,) is next in size to the paunch, of 
an elongated pyriform shape, with an internal villous coat 
like that of the human stomach, with large longitudinal 
folds. 
The three first stomachs are connected with each other, 
and with a groove-like continuation of the oesophagus, in a 
very remarkable way. The latter tube enters just where the 
three first stomachs approach each other; it is then con¬ 
tinued with the groove, which ends in the third stomach. 
This groove is therelore open to the first stomachs, which lie 
to its right and left. But the thick prominent lips, which 
form the margin of the groove, admit of being drawn to¬ 
gether so as to form a complete canal, which then consti¬ 
tutes a direct continuation of the oesophagus into the third 
stomach. 
The functions of this very singular part will vary, accord¬ 
ing as we consider it in the state of a groove, or of a closed 
canal. In the first case, the grass, &c. is passed, after a very 
slight degree of mastication, into the paunch, as into a re¬ 
servoir. Thence it goes in small portions into the second 
stomach, from which, after a further maceration, it is pro¬ 
pelled, by a kind of antiperistaltic motion, into the oesopha¬ 
gus, and thus returns into the mouth. It is here ruminated, 
and again swallowed, when the groove is shut, and the morsel 
of food, after this second mastication, is thereby conducted 
directly into the third stomach. During the short time 
which it probably stays in this situation between the folds of 
the internal coat, it is still further prepared for digestion, 
which process is completed in the fourth, or true digestive 
stomach. 
Fig. 14 is a longitudinal section of the first cavity of the 
bullock’s stomach, which is made up of two compartments, 
separated from each other by two strong transverse ridges, 
composed of a mixture of ligamentous and muscular fibres ; 
also shewing the opening into the second cavity, a part of that 
cavity, the orifice leading into the third, and the canal from 
which the food is thrown up from the second cavity into the 
mouth, before it is conveyed into the third : «, the oesopha¬ 
gus, terminating in the first cavity of the stomach; b bb b, 
the cavity itself exposed; c c, the two ridges, dividing it ip( a 
two compartments; dd, orifice of the second cavity ; t, the 
passage leading to the third cavity; /f two muscular bands, 
which have their origin from the coats of the first cavity, 
and terminate in the orifice of the third, forming a canal] 
along which the food is conveyed from the second cavity to 
the mouth, and from the mouth to the third cavity. 
Fig. 15 is a posterior view of the first and second cavities 
of the bullock’s stomach unopened, aud an internal view of 
the third and fourth, in their natural relative situation to the 
others: a, the oesophagus; b b, the coats of the first cavity, 
in a distended state ; c, the coats of the second cavity; d, the 
orifice leading into the third cavity; eee, the plicse, of three 
different breadths, which are contained in the third cavity ; 
t\ the valvular termination of the third cavity in the fourth - 
g g g, the longitudinal plies of the fourth cavity; h, the 
rugae of the fourth cavity, near the pylorus; i, the glandular 
projection opposed to the orifice of the pylorus; k, the py¬ 
lorus, or termination of the fourth cavity;—on a scale of one 
inch to a foot. 
There are still two peculiarities in the stomachs of some 
mammalia, which must be mentioned here, before we pro¬ 
ceed to consider that of birds. 
In the opossum, the Iwo openings of the stomach are 
placed as near, or even nearer together, than in many birds, 
contrary to the usual rule in this class of animals. 
There is a peculiar glandular body at the upper orifice of 
the beaver’s stomach, about the size of a shilling, full of ca¬ 
vities that secrete mucus. It resembles, on the whole, the 
bulbous glandulosus of birds, and assists in the digestion and 
animalizution of the dry food which this curious animal 
takes, consisting chiefly of the bark and chips of trees, &c. 
The stomach of the pangolin (manis pentadactyla) is al¬ 
most as thick and muscular as that of the gallinaceous fowls, 
and contains, like that of granivorous birds, small stones and 
gravel, which are probably swallowed for the same purpose 
as in the case of those birds. 
According to Cuvier, there is a gland, as Targe as the head 
of a man, situated between the coats of the stomach, in the 
manati (trichechus manatus borealis). It is placed near the 
oesophagus, and discharges, on pressure, a fluid like that of 
the pancreas, by numerous small openings. 
The stomach of the ornithorhynchus hystrix is covered 
with cuticle, and possesses sharp, horny papillae, near the 
pylorus. 
The peculiar structure of the stomachs of the kangaroo, 
camel, and lama, deserves a detailed examination. The sto¬ 
mach of the kangaroo differs in rqany particulars from that 
of any other known animal, and bears a greater resemblance 
to the human ccecum and colon than to any stomach. The 
oesophagus enters the stomach very near its left extremity, 
which, unlike the corresponding part in other animals, is very 
small and bifid. From the entrance of the (esophagus, the 
cavity extends towards the right side of the body, then passes 
upwards, makes a turn upon itself, crosses over to the left 
side before the oesophagus, and again crosses the abdomen 
towards the right, making a complete circle round the 
portion into which the oesophagus enters, and terminates by 
a contracted orifice at the pylorus. 
Its cavity gradually enlarges from the left extremity 
through its whole course, till it approaches the pylorus; it 
then contracts and dilates again into a rounded cavity, with 
two lateral processes: beyond this is the pylorus, the orifice 
of which is very small. On the anterior and posterior side 
of the stomach, there is a longitudinal band, similar to those 
of the human colon, beginning faintly at the left termination, 
and extending as tar as the enlargement near the pylorus; 
these bands being shorter than the coats of the stomach, the 
latter are consequently puckered, forming saceuli, as in the 
human colon. 
When the cavity of the stomach is laid open, the cuticular 
lining of the oesophagus is found to be continued over the 
portion immediately below it, and extends to the termination 
of the smallest process at the left extremity, and nearly to 
the 
