863 
Z U I N G L E. 
Victory, there are a number of them, both in Persia and Hin- 
dosfan. 
ZUG, the smallest of the Swiss cantons, is situated in the 
interior of the country, and surrounded by the cantons of 
Zurich, Schweitz, Lucerne, and Aargau. Its area is oniy 
120 square miles; its population 15,000. Except a small 
plain to the north of the town of Zug, this canton is covered 
with mountains and hills, of which the highest, however, is 
not more than 5000 feet above the level of the sea, and the 
others much lower. Here are consequently no glaciers or 
snow in the autumn months. Its manufactures are trifling; 
but its corn,'its vines, and other fruits, are by no means in¬ 
considerable. Its lakes are those of Zug and Egeri. 
ZUG, the capital of the preceding canton, stands on the 
lake of Zug ; 29 miles south of Zurich. The general assem¬ 
blies of the canton are held here every spring. Population 
1600. 
ZUG, a lake of Switzerland, in the south of the canton 
of the same name, and partly in the canton of Schweitz. 
It is about 10 miles long, and from two to three wide. It 
presents a number of beautiful prospects. 
ZUGLO, or Guilio, a small town of Austriau Italy, in 
the government of Venice. 
ZUlDBROCK, a village of the Netherlands, 13 miles east 
of Groningen. Population 1100. 
ZUIDLAND, a petty town of South Holland, 9 miles 
south-west of Rotterdam. 
ZUIDWOLDE, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro¬ 
vince of Drenthe, with 900 inhabitants; 20 miles north-east 
of Zwolle. 
ZUILA, a town of Fezzan, in Africa, on the caravan route 
to Mourzouk. It appears to have been formerly a place of 
great importance, and the residence of the sultans. Even 
now, the people ofBornou call the journey to Fezzan the 
journey to Zuila. This ancient greatness is attested by a 
mosque and other magnificent Moorish remains, as well as 
by extensive cisterns and vaulted caves. The place, how¬ 
ever, isjin a state of great decay, and does not contain more 
than a third of its ancient circuit; 60 miles east-north-east 
of Mourzouk. 
ZUINGLE, or Zwinglf. (Ulric), the Swiss Reformer, 
was born January 1, 1484, at the village of Wildhausen, in 
the county of Tockenburg; and having discovered in his 
youth a studious disposition, was intended by his father for 
the church. Accordingly he was sent for education first to 
Basil, and then to Berne, where attempts were made to fix 
him in the convent of the Dominicans; but in order to pre¬ 
vent their taking effect, his father removed him to the univer¬ 
sity of Vienna, which was then in high reputation. Re¬ 
turning from thence to Basil, he was chosen classical tutor 
in his 18th year, where he made very considerable advances 
in knowledge, and particularly in that of the profession to 
which he was destined, whilst he taught others; availing 
himself of the lectures of Thomas Wyttembach, who, with¬ 
out renouncing the system of the schools, allowed his pupils 
to think freely for themselves. After a residence of about 
four years at Basil, Zuingle took the degree of M.A., and 
being chosen pastor of Glarus, was ordained by the bishop 
of Constance. 
Notwithstanding the singular prudence and moderation 
which influenced his whole conduct, his reputation excited 
envy, and a conspiracy was formed against his life. Under 
the protection of the magistracy of Zurich he was safe ; but 
his enemies insidiously proposed a conference at Baden, in 
Argovia. His friends, however, were not unapprised of his 
danger, and well knowing that the cantons were actuated by 
inveterate hostility against his person as well as his doctrines, 
they would not consent to his leaving Zurich. At the con¬ 
ference, which he prudently declined to attend, enmity was 
avowed both against him and his adherents. Some of the 
cantons, however, withheld their concurrence; and this was 
particularly the case with respect to the canton of Berne. In 
this canton, the reformation had made considerable progress, 
so that in 1527 several of its municipalities addressed the 
senate for the abolition of the mass, and the introduction of 
the form of worship established at Zurich. The reformers at 
Berne summoned a convocation, to which the clergy of the 
other Helvetic states, and the neighbouring bishops were 
invited. Zuingle’s attendance was also requested; and he 
thought it his duty to appear in that assembly, professedly 
convened for the advancement of the reformation. Haller 
was the leader of the party in this canton, and in connection 
with Zuingle and other coadjutors the cause to which they 
were devoted obtained a complete triumph ; so that the grand 
council of that canton fully adopted the measures of that of 
Zurich. Upon this, five of the cantons which were attached 
to the old religion entered into a solemn engagement not to 
suffer the doctrines of Zuingle and Luther to be preached 
among them. At length the hostilities that subsisted between 
the catholic and reformed cantons were amicably terminated 
by the treaty of Cappel in 1529. The animosity, however, 
between these cantons was not extinguished. It broke out 
again with greater violence than ever; and the senate of 
Zurich has been charged with the first aggression, by arbitrary 
acts in favour of the reformed preachers in the common 
bailiages. Its project of secularizing the abbey of St. Gall, 
which belonged to the Helvetic confederacy, was a greater 
grievance; and on the other hand, the five associated ca¬ 
tholic cantons refused to concur with the others in expelling 
the Spaniards from the Valteline, and persecuted the reformed 
in their jurisdictions with the greatest severity. The sufferers 
sought the protection of Zurich, and,the eloquence of Zuingle 
was employed in recommending their case to the senate. 
The breach widened, and a majority of the protestants agreed 
in stopping the transit of provisions to the five cantons, 
which depended upon foreign supplies. Zuingle in vain 
remonstrated against this cruel act; and the five cantons 
took up arms, and having published a manifesto, marched 
into the field in October, 1531. A detachment was ordered 
to prevent the junction of the forces of Berne with those of 
Zurich, and the main body advanced towards Cappel. This 
intelligence alarmed the people of Zurich; and they could 
only spare 700 men for the relief of their countrymen at 
Cappel. Zuingle was appointed to accompany them. A 
battle ensued; and though the Zurichers, animated by his 
exhortations, defended themselves valiantly, they at length 
were compelled to yield to superiority of numbers, and were 
entirely routed. Some died at their posts; others fled: 
and Zuingle received a mortal wound at the commencement 
of the action, and fell senseless to the ground. As soon as 
he had recovered sufficiently to raise himself up, he crossed 
his arms on his breast, and lifted his languid eyes to heaven. 
In this condition he was found by some catholic soldiers, 
who, without knowing him, offered to bring a confessor; 
but as he made a sign of refusal, the soldiers exhorted him 
to recommend his soul to the holy virgin. On a second re¬ 
fusal, one of them furiously exclaimed, “ Die then, obstinate 
heretic!” and pierced him through with a sword. His 
body was found on the next day, and the celebrity of his 
name drew together a great crowd of spectators. One of 
these, who had been his colleague at Zurich, after intently 
gazing on his face, thus expressed his feelings : “Whatever 
may have been thy faith, I am sure thou wert always sincere, 
and that thou lovedst thy country. May God take thy soul 
to his mercy!” Among the savage herd some voices ex¬ 
claimed, “ Let us burn his accursed remains!” The pro¬ 
posal was applauded; a military tribunal ordered the execu¬ 
tion, and the ashes of Zuingle were scattered to the wind. 
Thus, at the age of 47, he terminated a glorious career by an 
event deeply lamented by all the friends of the reformation, 
and occasioning triumph to the partisans of the Romish church. 
“ In his character,” says one of his biographers, “ there 
appears to have been united ail that makes a man amiable 
in private society, with the firmness, ardour, and intrepidity 
that are indispensable in executing the great task of reforma¬ 
tion. By nature mild, his earnestness was the result of his 
sense of the importance of the cause he engaged in to the 
best interests of mankind, not of a dogmatic or dictatorial 
spirit. His views were large and generous, and his opinions 
rose above the narrow scale of sect or party. It was no small 
proof of liberality in that age that he ventured to assert his 
belief of the final happiness of virtuous heathens, and of all 
