42 
REPORT of NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 
“A still greater number, which merely chirp at other times,'trill 
a long series of notes during mating time. It is the male bird that 
sings; the female, with very few exceptions, only chirps. Nothing- 
adds more to the enjoyment- of nature than a knowledge of the 
notes, songs and warblings of the birds. No teacher or book can 
give you more than a start toward the attainment of this knowl¬ 
edge. Two rules only can be given: (1) Learn to know birds. 
(2) Carefully observe them and listen to their songs. 
“As soon as you have learned to know birds, you will find among 
them many differences besides those of voice, form and color. The 
places they frequent-—pond, marsh, meadow, upland, shrubbery or 
forest—in the water, on the ground, among the rocks, on the trunks 
of trees, or in the t-reetops—are as varied as their notes. 
“Their habits of sitting, their course in flight, their method of 
starting, their ways of coming to rest, are all peculiar to each bird. 
“Their solitary or social habits, their friendly or quarrelsome 
ways, are also well worthy of observation and study. 
“The way they flit their tails, the way they nod and twitch their 
heads, the way they use their feet, are other peculiarities that will 
aid you in recognizing them. 
“You will have to acquire this kind of knowledge out of doors. 
It cannot be taught in school-rooms. It cannot be taught to any 
extent even by a teacher who accompanies his pupils on their trips. 
The teacher and books have done their work when they have given 
the names of the birds-. The rest you must do for yourselves. 
“Among the most interesting of all the peculiarities of birds are 
the migrations of a large portion of them. Many live and nest in 
the far north, hundreds of miles beyond the limits o-f the United 
States, and go south to the Gulf States, in the winter, traveling- 
more than a thousand miles to their new abode. These, for the 
northern United States, are but birds of passage. Others, while 
nesting in Canada and Labrador, spend their winters in the Middle 
or the Western States, and form for those sections winter residents. 
Still others nest with us and go south in winter to the Gulf States 
or even to the West- Indies and South America. These are summer 
residents. 
“Some endure and even seemingly enjoy all the changes of cli¬ 
mate any of our localities afford; these stay in the same place 
throughout the year. They form our resident birds. Doubtless 
