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called discontinue the examination at once. Endeavor 
to put a favorably disposed witness at his ease. Adopt 
a friendly and respectful manner and begin by asking a 
few simple questions, such as name, place of residence, 
and business, in an ordinary conversational tone, giving 
the witness time to collect his ideas and get over the natural 
embarrassment which most persons feel when first put 
upon the stand. Then direct his mind to the matter about 
which his testimony is required, and after starting him on 
the right track let him tell his story in his own way, with 
no more interruption than is necessary, since interrup¬ 
tions tend to confuse and irritate. 
If it is necessary to call a hostile witness, adopt a more 
positive manner and endeavor to make him state just as 
much as is required and no more. All attempts at ex¬ 
planation should be stopped by telling him that he will 
have an opportunity to explain as soon as he has answered 
the question. If the hostility of the witness is made ap¬ 
parent to the court, he may permit leading questions 
(in which the answer is indicated by the question) to be 
asked in the examination in chief, although ordinarily 
one is not allowed to ask his own witnesses leading ques¬ 
tions. 
In introducing a map as evidence, if objection is raised 
by the defense on the score of accuracy, which can not 
otherwise be overcome, state that you merely wish to in¬ 
troduce this map to illustrate the witness’s testimony. 
Cross-examination .—The witness under cross-examina¬ 
tion is of the opposing side; he is presumably adverse and 
is likely to say something damaging if given the oppor¬ 
tunity. Therefore, the rule never to ask a question with¬ 
out a definite object is doubly important. Indirect or 
camouflaged questions are of the greatest service in cross- 
examination, to drag out facts which the witness will be 
on his guard against admitting. 
The principal things to be guarded against in cross- 
examining are: (1) Permitting the witness to supply any 
omissions which he may have made in his testimony in 
chief; (2) permitting him to explain any apparent incon¬ 
sistencies that he may have fallen into; (3) allowing him 
