78 
appearing in the words themselves, and also by showing 
that the latter do correspond with his confession signature. 
Reexamination .—This is for the primary purpose of 
repairing any damage which opposing counsel may have 
done to your case in his cross-examination of your witness. 
Advantage is of course taken of the opportunity to 
strengthen one’s own case in any particulars in which the 
need for it may have become apparent and in which it is 
possible to do so; but no new matters may be introduced, 
unless the opposing side has opened the way for them in 
questions on cross-examination. 
Rebuttal , etc.— Rebuttal testimony, as the name implies, 
must be based on testimony already introduced by your 
opponent, which it is desired to refute or nullify. Ad¬ 
ditional testimony regarding a confession whi 'h the 
defendant has denied on the stand can, for example, be 
introduced in rebuttal. In such a case, a witness on your 
side can then be asked the direct question whether he 
remembers a given conversation or statement. But no 
new material, that is, matters for which the way has not 
been opened by preceding testimony, can be introduced. 
One of the common methods of rebuttal is the impeach¬ 
ment of opposing testimony. The credit of a witness may 
be impeached in four ways: (1) By disproving, by the 
testimony of other witnesses, any facts stated by him which 
are material to the issues on trial; (2) by proof of his having 
made statements out of court inconsistent with his testi¬ 
mony (this being usable only if you have first laid the 
necessary foundation by interrogating the witness, in the 
cross-examination, about such contradictory statements); 
(3) by proof of any facts showing a bias or prejudice on the 
part of a witness in favor of the party by whom he was 
called, or against the prosecution (such as relationship, 
sympathy, or interest in the outcome of the case); (4) by 
general evidence affecting the witness’s character for 
veracity. 
Direct and reexamination by opposing side .—During 
direct examination, or reexamination, of their own wit¬ 
nesses by the opposing side, attention must be given to all 
the questions and answers. Notes taken of the testimony 
