HEXAPODA „ 
61 
tearing their prey ; others feed upon vegetable matter, and 
have jaws for chewing this kind of food. Among the suck¬ 
ing insects the butterfly merely sips the nectar from flowers, 
while the mosquito needs a powerful instrument for piercing 
its victim. In this place the typical form of the mouth- 
parts as illustrated by the biting insects is described. The 
various modifications of it presented by the sucking insects 
are described later, in the discussion of the characters of 
those insects. 
In the biting insects, the mouth-parts consist of an upper 
lip, the labrutn (la'brum) (Fig. 75, 8); an under lip, the labium 
(la'bi-um) (Fig. 75, 12); and two 
pairs of jaws between them. These 
jaws open sidewise, instead of in 
a vertical direction, as do the 
jaws of the higher animals. The 
upper pair of jaws are called the 
mandibles (mail'di-bles) (Fig. 75, 
10); the lower pair, the maxillce 
(max-iTlae) (Fig. 75, n). There 
may be also within the mouth 
one or two tongue-like organs, 
the epipharynx (ep-i-phar'ynx) and 
hypopharynx (hy - po - phar'ynx) 
(Fig. 75 > I 3 )« The epipharynx is 
Fig. 75.—Mouth-parts of the Red- 
legged Locust. 
attached to the upper wall of the cavity of 
the mouth, and the hypopharynx to the 
lower. The position of the hypopharynx is 
quite analogous, therefore, to that of our 
tongue. 
The mandibles vary much in form, but 
usually each consists of a single sclerite. 
The maxillae of biting insects, on the other 
tic. ^s.-Maxiiia of a hand, are very complicated organs, each com¬ 
posed of several sclerites. Each maxilla 
bears an appendage consisting of several segments; these 
