204 
THE STUDY OF INSECTS. 
selection. The classification of animals and plants should not be 
merely the assorting of them into convenient pigeon-holes, but 
a serious study of their blood-relationships. 
The following synopsis will serve to show what we believe to be 
the relations of the principal divisions of the order. Following this 
synopsis there is a table for use in classifying specimens. 
SYNOPSIS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 
{See page 207 for a table for determining specimens .) 
A. The Jugate Lepidoptera. —Moths in which the two wings of 
each side are united by a jugum (Fig. 238,7), p. 214. 
Suborder Jugate. 
B. The Swifts or Macrojugatce, p. 215.Family Hepialid^e. 
BB. The Little-wing Jugates or Microjug at a , p. 216. 
Family Micropterygid/E. 
AA. The Frenate Lepidoptera.— Moths, skippers, and butterflies 
in which the two wings of each side are united by a frenulum (Fig. 
237,/) or by its substitute, a large humeral angle of the hind wing 
(Fig. 241), p. 201.Suborder Frenate. 
B. The Generalized Frenatae. —Moths that are supposed to 
retain more nearly than any other Frenatae the form of the primi¬ 
tive Frenatae, those that were the first to appear on earth. In 
these generalized moths the wings approach the typical form; 
the base of vein V of one or both pairs of wings is preserved 
throughout a considerable part at least of the discal cell; and 
the anal veins are well preserved, there being two or three in 
the fore wing and three in the hind wing. The frenulum is 
usually well preserved. 
The Flannel-moths, p. 218.Family Megalopygid^e. 
The Bag-worm Moths, p. 219.Family Psychid;e. 
The Carpenter-moths, p. 221.Family CossiDiE. 
The Slug-caterpillar Moths, p. 223...Family Eucleid^e. 
The Smoky-moths, p. 226.Family Pyromorphidje. 
BB. The Specialized Frenatae. —Moths, skippers, and butter 
flies that depart more widely than do the Generalized Frenatrc 
from the primitive type of Lepidoptera, being more highly modi¬ 
fied for special conditions of existence. An indication of the 
specialized condition of these insects is the modified form of the 
wings. In nearly all the base of vein V has been lost and the 
branches of this vein joined to veins III and VII. 
