LEPIDOPTERA . 35 1 
oi the hind wing is largely developed, and is usually strength¬ 
ened by a deep furrow, the bottom of which is sometimes 
thickened so as to appear like a humeral vein (Fig. 429). 
The larvae live exposed on the leaves of trees and shrubs ; 
they are more or less armed with tubercles and spines, and 
are very conspicuous on account of their large size. They 
transform within silken cocoons, which are usually very 
dense, and in some cases have been utilized by man. These 
cocoons are often attached to trees and shrubs, and are 
sometimes inclosed in a leaf. They can be easily collected 
during the winter months, and the adults bred from them. 
The following species are those that the young student 
is most likely to find :— 
The Io-moth, Automeris io (Au-tom'e-ris i'o).—This 
is the most common of the smaller species of the family. 
The female is represented by Figure 430. In this sex the 
Fig- 430 .—Automeris io. 
ground-color of the fore wings is purplish red. The male 
differs greatly in appearance from the female, being some¬ 
what smaller and of a deep yellow color, but it can be easily 
recognized by its general resemblance to the female in other 
respects. 
The larva is one that the student should learn to reco£- 
nize in order that he may avoid handling it; for it is armed 
