WARBLERS: AUDUBON WARBLER 
617 
the Audubon can be distinguished from the Hoover by the addition of the yellow 
throat, and by having white patches on four or five instead of two or three outer tail 
feathers. (See p. 616.) 
Range. —Breeds in Transition and Boreal Zones 
from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, 
and southwestern Saskatchewan south to western 
Nebraska, mountains of southern New Mexico, 
northern Arizona, and Lower California; winters 
(casually) in British Columbia, Washington, and 
Oregon, (abundantly) in valleys of southern Cali¬ 
fornia, Lower California, and southern and western 
Arizona, occurring south to Guatemala. 
State Records. —The Audubon Warbler breeds 
mainly in the higher mountains of northern New Mex¬ 
ico, most commonly from 8,000 to 9,000 feet. In the 
Sangre deCristo Mountains, along the Upper Pecos, at 8,000 feet, it wasfound July 13, 
1903 (Bailey), and had been found an abundant breeder there from 7,800 feet upward, 
when young out of the nest were noted July 18 (Henshaw). In the Wheeler Peak 
amphitheater, at 11,400 feet, it was seen carrying food, July 20, 1904, and on July 
26 three birds were seen in the timber a little lower (Bailey). [Young were out with 
adults on Round Mountain north of Cowles at 10,000 feet, July 18, 1919, and it 
was common in heavy timber on the cast slope of the Wheeler Peak country May 
27-June 22, 1924 (Ligon). In northern Santa Fe County it was common from 7,500 
to 10,000 feet. Nests were found, June 6, 1920, and June 5, 1921, both with eggs 
(Jensen).] At Glorieta, 7,500 feet, July 7-10, 1903, it was seen in the cottonwoods 
(Bailey); and several were noted July 31-August 1, 1904, in the pines near Tres 
Piedras, 8,000 feet (Gaut). [At Lake Burford, May 23 to June 19, 1918, it was 
found nesting in fair numbers (Wetmore). At Mount Taylor it was seen feeding 
young out of the nest, July 25, 1917 (Ligon).] It also breeds in the Zuni Mountains 
(Goldman), where, June 14-19, 1909, it was the only common Warbler. A few 
seen were among the higher pines on Bear Ridge at 8,000-8,500 feet, but it was 
most common above the latter altitude. [Young out of the nest were found on June 
28, 1920, in the Black Range 30 miles southwest of Chloride (Ligon).] 
In the southern part of the State, in the Capitan Mountains, they were seen in 
small numbers, June 14, 1899, one being noted at the very top of the mountains, 
9,600 feet (Bailey); and were found rather numerous among the yellow pines at 
8,500 feet on the same mountains, July 10-13, 1903 (Gaut). At Cloudcroft, 9,000 
feet, in the Sacramento Mountains, they were common May 29-June 2,1900 (Bailey); 
a specimen was taken there July 17, 1901 (Fuertes); and they were common July 
23-August 1, 1909 (Green). 
The fact that some individuals of this species breed at very high elevations—up 
to 12,000 feet in Colorado—where conditions arc not suitable for nesting until mid¬ 
summer, explains why it is found so late in spring or early in summer in districts 
where it does not breed. Thus it was abundant at Marathon, Texas, May 13-20, 
1901, and occasional at Boquillas, Texas, May 22-30, 1901 (Oberholser); two males 
were seen June 4, 1907, in the pinyon belt at 6,500 feet near Bayfield, Colorado 
(Cary); a half dozen, still in a flock, were noted June 9, 1912, out in the sagebrush 
near Dickey, Idaho (Wyman). All these instances undoubtedly refer to birds still 
in migration, and it follows therefore that the mere presence of this species late in 
May or even early in June is not sure proof that it will breed in that locality. Among 
such records may be classed the following: Several seen up to May 28,1903, at Santa 
Fig. 107. Audubon Warbler 
