poses where strong, durable lumber is desired. 
For building timbers, sleepers, joists, and 
flooring it is unexcelled. It is exported to 
all parts of the world for ship timbers, spars, 
and masts. The stout vessels used for voyag¬ 
ing amidst the ice floes of the Arctic are built 
from selected Douglas Spruce lumber taken 
from the butt logs of these trees. 
The thousands of piles used so largely for 
wharves and ferry slips, for building founda¬ 
tions and railroad bridges, the tall flagstaffs 
erected at recent world fairs, all come from 
the Douglas Spruce forest of the north. 
Fine specimens with rounded heads and 
abundant cones are found on the western end 
of Mount Tamalpais, near the ocean, and in 
sight of San Francisco. A very beautiful 
form, with graceful, weeping branchlets, is 
found sparsely near Yosemite and northward 
to near Mt. Shasta. 
A second species of this Feather-cone genus 
of Spruces is the Big-cone Spruce (Ps. ma- 
crocarpa), growing on the south side of the 
San Bernardino and connected mountains. 
The cones, similar in appearance to the 
Douglas Spruce, are many times larger, six 
to eight inches long, the largest in the world. 
NAKED-CONE SPRUCES 
The Naked-cone species of spruce {Picea) 
in California comprise two species also. One, 
the Tide-land Spruce ( P . Sitchensis ), is 
abundant northward, and comes down the 
coast as far as Cape Mendocino. Loving the 
ocean beach and the interior wet grounds, it 
often becomes a large tree, remarkable for 
its beautiful, smooth cones two to three inches 
long, and for its sharp leaves, wounding the 
fingers like sewing needles. 
The fourth species, the most beautiful of 
all, would require a special effort to find it, 
so sequestered and limited is its growth. This 
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