GROUP OF HEAVY SOILS . 
21 
natural surface drainage is usually good, although the heavy 
compact subsoil does not permit the water to move freely through 
it. On some of the more gently sloping portions of the type, and 
in depressions between hills lines of tile could be installed to 
good advantage. 
Origin .—This soil has been derived largely from lacustrine 
material which has been influenced to a considerable extent since 
its first deposition by the action of ice. 
While the surface soil is sometimes found to be slightly acid, 
the subsoil usually contains a considerable amount of lime 
carbonate. 
Native vegetation .—The original forest growth consisted 
chiefly of maple, birch, basswood, hickory, with some beech, 
elm, hemlock, and pine. 
Present agricultural development *—This is one of the desir¬ 
able soils of the county, and one upon which agriculture is very 
highly developed. It is a strong productive soil, and well 
adapted to the general farm crops common to this region. Small 
grains and grasses do especially well, and the dairy industry is 
the most important line of farming followed. 
The rotation most commonly followed consists of small grain, 
followed by clover, or clover and timothy, followed by corn. 
This soil is not so difficult to cultivate as is the clay loam, but 
nevertheless, it requires heavy working stock and tools. 
SUPERIOR CLAY LOAM. 
Extent and distribution .—Superior clay loam is found chiefly 
in the towns of Kaukauna, the southeastern part of Freedom, 
Vandenbroek, and Grand Chute. The total area is approxi¬ 
mately one township. 
Description .—The surface of the clay loam to an average 
depth of six inches consists of a light grayish-brown clay loam 
which grades quite abruptly into the heavy compact red clay 
which extends to an undetermined depth. The light-colored 
material over the red clay varies somewhat in depth from one 
or two inches to seven or eight inches. In the heavy clay sub¬ 
soil, especially, in the lower depth, it is not uncommon to find 
thin seams of fine and very fine sand. It is also common to 
find in the soil section a small amount of very fine rock frag¬ 
ments largely of limestone. 
*For chemical composition and improvement of this soil, see page 23. 
