48 
SOIL SURVEY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. 
In the improvement of this type the first step is to supply 
adequate drainage. Open ditches will not be sufficient by them¬ 
selves, and should be supplemented by the use of tile drains. 
When well drained, this will become one of the strongest and 
most productive soils in Outagamie County. Because of the low 
position of some of this type, its improvement would at present 
require diking, which, under present conditions, would not be 
justified. 
DUNNING FINE SANDY LOAM. . 
The surface soil of the Dunning fine sandy loam to a depth 
of from four to seven inches is a dark brown to black, loose, 
friable, very fine sandy loam, free from stones and gravel, and 
carrying a high percentage of organic matter. The subsoil 
grades abruptly into a pale yellow very fine sand, which con¬ 
tinues to well over three feet. 
This type is of small extent and of minor importance. It oc¬ 
curs only in small isolated areas scattered throughout the north¬ 
western part of the county. The main areas occur in the eastern 
half of Maine Township. 
The topography is level, which with the low position of the 
type makes the natural drainage poor. The water table lies 
close to the surface, and for portions of the year parts of the 
type may be covered with a few inches of water. 
The timber growth consists mainly of alders, quaking aspen, 
birch, and some maple, elm, and black ash. Practically all of 
the good timber has been removed, but a dense second growth 
covers most of the area. Very little of this type is under culti¬ 
vation. The principal crops are oats, timothy hay, and marsh 
grass. On small areas which have been properly drained, cab¬ 
bage and onions are being grown successfully. 
Chemical composition and fertility .—The Dunning fine sandy 
loam is well supplied with nitrogen and organic matter in the 
surface soil, but it is usually deficient in the mineral plant foods, 
phosphorus and potassium. The greatest deficiency is drainage, 
however, and before cultivated crops can be grown successfully, 
a thorough system of drains must be provided. Open ditches as 
now installed in some places are not sufficient in themselves, and 
must be supplemented either by open laterals or tile drains. 
When drainage has been provided, it will be found that the 
