i7 
only breed filth and disease. In one of these places (Plan 25) the 
garden slopes down to the swampy land, which is only partially filled 
in and from which we have collected many Anophelines (p. 20). 1 he 
native in the outskirts of the city, in his mud hut with thatched roof, 
fares better than do these people. It should be remembered that 
many of the tenants of these places are newly arrived immigrants. 
Can it be surprising that they should suffer from yellow fever, etc. ? 
Other tenements of a better class are scattered over the city. 
These have larger yards, and overcrowding is not marked. I he 
sanitary arrangements are better, but are usually insufficient for the 
number living in the restricted area, while the habits of many of the 
tenants conduce to unhealthy surroundings. 
Underground cellars are rarely seen, but ihany of the houses ha\e 
low, ill-lighted basements which the residents adapt for kitchen and 
servant quarters. The authorities are adverse to such practice and try 
to prevent them being used as sleeping-quarters. The floors of a 
great many houses are only raised a half to one metre from the 
ground, ventilation being provided by a small iron-screened opening 
on the street. The screening is either too open or the bars are broken 
so that cats, rats and other vermin can enter. When the houses are 
sufficiently raised from the ground the inhabitants frequently litter 
the space under the flooring with old boxes and other rubbish. Such 
places are insanitary and favour the breeding of vermin which would 
be a serious matter in the case of an outbreak of plague. 
THE BREEDING PLACES OF MOSQUITOS 
In the City Proper. 
Stcgoniyia calopus is to be found all over the populated districts 
of the city. It is not an exaggeration to state that 98 per cent, of all 
dwelling houses and places of business harbour, in the building or 
in the yard, foci of water which give the female Stegomyia calopus a 
place where she can lay her eggs and where the young larvae can 
hatch out. 
One of the ordinances of the city is that all cisterns used for the 
storage of water must be screened with fine wire gauze. I his 
ordinance is not always obeyed, and very often the screening is most 
defective (usually around the ball and cock of the inlet water pipe of 
B 
