ioS 
for the other forms in which the drug is sold, and the models are 
neatly executed. 
Holmes 18 , referring to a specimen in the Museum of the 
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, says:— ‘This specimen, 
presented by Dr. Wilks, is accompanied by a letter from Mr. G. H. 
Brandt stating that it has been carved by the Indians into the shape 
of a fish called the Piraruccu (. Arapaima gigas , Cuv.), the tongue of 
which is used for grating the Guarana. The tongue is also used by 
them as a file for grating several of their hard odoriferous roots. 
Amongst these is the root of the Piperiocca, which, when reduced to 
powder, they use for washing and perfuming their bodies. The 
so-called tongue consists of a long bony plate, nearly six inches long 
by one and a quarter broad, densely covered with bony papillae, about 
a quarter of an inch high and half a line broad. See Cuvier and 
Valenciennes, Hist. Poiss., XIX, pp. 441-461, with fig.; Agassiz and 
Spix, Pise. Braz., p. 31/ 
It is probable that this bony plate is a similar one to that 
mentioned by Gomes. 
Tschirch 19 speaks thus of the curious forms in which drugs are 
sometimes seen: At times the finished products are further 
worked up. From Caoutchouc and Guarana paste, were formerly 
. i C ^ Tj° ltS Cur ‘ ous % ures . but now Guarana is usually seen in 
sticks. He illustrates this in the case of Caoutchouc. 
idlicroscopic Characters 
chicflv CS of are .T, e11 deSCribed b y Planchon and Collin, and com 
poly al 7° Cn , Starch grains, needle-shaped crystals, sm 
ce s, an characteristic sclercnchymatous cells. 
Ch eni ical Const ituents 
Dr Theodore v^iu ^ pnnci P le ls an alkaloid first discovered 
shown by D, Stenho^ T g “* tat * 
shows more than double identical with theme. Guara. 
and five times as much as coffee' a ' kaI ° id “ B °° d ““ 
111 guarana, tit, per cent- ; * ’ P ro P ortl ons being 5 - 0 ; per cei 
same alkaloid is found to the ^ ° 8 ° P6r Cent ' ” co£f “' T ' 
Paraguay tea the a r amount of 1*25 per cent, in Mate,' 
& 7 3 ’ thC Pr ° duce of seve ral species of Ilex. 
