ing points demand attention in addition to what has 
been already stated. 
66. Leaves require to be considered from different 
points of view. Firstly, as to the way in which they 
are inserted into, or, speaking more correctly, grow 
out of, the stem. Leaves arise from the stem in a 
manner determinate in each species, so that it is by 
no means a matter of indifference how the attachment 
of a leaf is represented, as some appear to think. The 
stalks, the peculiar forms of which have been already 
explained, regulate the mode of attachment. In 
general the stalk of a leaf is furrowed, there being a 
channel down the middle of at least the lower part of 
it, but usually extending from one end of the stalk 
to the other. Where that is the case, it is evidently 
necessary, in representing a leaf, to show that the 
two sides of the furrow embrace a portion of the stem 
from which the stalk proceeds. 
67. In another plant the leaves may have round 
stalks, not channelled ones. In that case they thin 
away to the right and left in a particular manner, and 
flatten as they approach the stem. Unless that flatten¬ 
ing is observed by the artist, he will not represent the 
plant before him. Nothing is more important than 
to observe the various ways in which the leaves of 
plants are placed in this respect. In the common 
laurel the stalk is half-cylindrical, with a furrow on 
the upper side: next the stem it spreads either way, 
embracing the stem a little, and below is connected 
with a slight swelling on tire stem itself. If this is 
attended to, the artist may express the truth. If 
neglected, lie will unintentionally represent something 
else. 
68. In certain cases bodies are present at the base 
