518 poisons : their effects and detection. [§ 678 . 
however, occurs unless these bodies are in the proportion of five per 
thousand. 
The process is specially applicable for the separation of ethylene- 
diamine, pentamethylenediamine (cadaverine), and tetramethylenedia- 
mine (putrescine) from urine. In a case of cystinuria Udransky and 
L. Baumann 1 have found 0-24 grm. of benzoyltetramethylenediamine 
and 0-42 grm. of benzoylpentamethylenediamine in a day. Diamines are 
absent in normal faeces and urine. Stadthagen and Brieger 2 have also 
found diamines in a case of cystinuria, chiefly pentamethylenediamine. 
The operation is performed by making the liquid alkaline with soda 
so that the alkalinity is equal to about 10 per cent., adding benzoyl 
chloride, shaking until the odour of benzoyl chloride disappears, and 
then filtering; to the filtrate more benzoyl chloride is added, the liquid 
shaken, and, if a precipitate appears, this is also filtered off, and the 
process repeated until all diamines are separated. 
The precipitate thus obtained is dissolved in alcohol, and the 
alcoholic solution poured into a considerable volume of water and 
allowed to stand over night; the dibenzoyl compound is then usually 
found to be in a crystalline condition. The compound is crystallised 
once or twice from alcohol or ether, and its melting-point and properties 
studied. Mixtures of diamines may be separated by their different 
solubilities in ether and alcohol. 
A solution of 0DO788 grm. of pentamethylenediamine in 100 c.c. 
of water gave 0-0218 grm. of the dibenzoyl-derivative when shaken with 
benzoyl chloride (5 c.c.) and 40 c.c. of soda (10 per cent.) and kept for 
twenty-four hours. In a second experiment with a similar solution only 
0 0142 grm. of dibenzoyl-derivative was obtained \ 3 hence the process is 
not a good quantitative process, and, although convenient for isolation, 
gives, so far as the total amount recovered is concerned, varying results. 4 
§ 678. The Amines. The amines are bases originating from 
ammonia and built on the same type. Those that are interesting as 
poisons are monamines, diamines, and the quaternary ammonium bases. 
Considered as compound ammonias, the amines are divided into 
primary or amide bases, secondary or imid bases, and tertiary or nitrile 
bases, according as to whether one, two, or three atoms of hydrogen 
ha , \ e been displaced from the ammonia molecule by an alkyl ; for 
1 L - v - Udransky and Baumann, Zeit. f. physiol. Chem., xiii. 562. 
2 Arch, pathol. Anatom., cxv. 3. s 2?er., xxi. 2711. 
4 J. Oton has shown that most of the amines, as well as betaine, choline, neurine, 
and lysine, form difficultly soluble compounds with picrolonic acid : hence this acid 
may be used as a group reagent like benzoyl chloride. A. Loewy and C. Neuberg 
have shown that an ether solution of phenylisocyanate is useful for the separation 
ot certain diamines, compounds with the diamines being readily formed. The 
phenyl-diamine compounds are dried, dissolved in pyridine so as to form a saturated 
solution ; out of this acetone precipitates (if present) immediately the tetramethylene 
( erivative, whereas the others require hours to separate (Zeit. f. physiol. Chem,, xliii.). 
