Dec., 1923] CAMPBELL — AUSTRALASIAN BOTANICAL NOTES 531 
chocolea, and Gottschea are extremely common; and of the thallose species, 
the gigantic Monoclea Forsteri formed great mats in wet places. 
Of the less conspicuous but interesting thallose liverworts may be 
mentioned species of Hymenophyton, Symphyogyna, and Pallavicinia, and 
at one place I was fortunate enough to find the rare Treubia insignis (?) and 
a species of Calobryum. 
Of the common herbaceous plants, one of the most interesting is a 
trailing plant, Nertera depressa, belonging to the Rubiaceae. This species 
is common to temperate South America and Australasia. 
On my return to Wellington I had an opportunity, in Nelson, of meeting 
Dr. J. E. Holloway, whose studies on the development of the New Zealand 
Lycopodiums and Tmesipteris are of great importance. I am greatly 
indebted to Dr. Holloway for valuable material of these interesting plants. 
I had no opportunity of visiting the outlying islands of New Zealand. 
An excellent general account of these is given by Cockayne in his book, 
“New Zealand plants and their story,” already referred to. As might be 
expected, the floras of these islands in the main are composed of species 
common to the main islands, but all the smaller islands show a certain 
number of endemic species. 
The Kermadec islands to the north have several species of tropical 
affinities which do not reach the North Island. These include a second 
species of palm, Rhopalostylis Cheesemannii, and two tree-ferns, one of 
which, Cyathea Kermadecensis, is reported to reach a height of 70 feet. 5 
The Chatham Islands to the east have a total of 236 species, including 
two endemic genera and 31 endemic species. 
To the south lie the sub-antarctic islands extending to 55 0 south latitude. 
These islands have an extremely harsh climate but not excessively cold, 
apparently much like that of Tierra del Fuego and southern Patagonia. 
The rainfall is heavy, and they support a surprisingly rich flora of ferns, 
mosses, and liverworts, as well as a low forest in the most favorable situa¬ 
tions in the Auckland Islands, in latitude 50°. 
The predominant tree of this forest is Metrosideros lucida, which is 
associated with species of Panax, Suttonia, and Coprosma, all genera of 
Malayan affinity—a surprising southward extension of these sub-tropical 
types. A tree-fern, Hemitelia Smithii, has also been reported from this 
region. 
There is a rich herbaceous vegetation with some very showy flowers, 
including species of gentians, buttercups, and others. The vascular plants 
of the sub-antarctic islands number 188 species, of which 53 are endemic, 
each island having some peculiar species. 6 
Reference has already been made to the abundance of lianas and epi¬ 
phytes in the New Zealand rain-forest. The former are of several different 
5 Oliver, R. B. The vegetation of the Kermadec Islands. Trans. N. Z. Inst. 42: 118. 
1910. 
6 Cockayne, L. New Zealand plants, pp. 129-143. 
