602 ICOSANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Pyrub. 
P. ma'lus. (Leaves ovate, acute, serrated: flowers in a simple sessile 
umbel. E.) 
{FI. Dan. 1101. E.)—F. But. IT9— BlacJcw. 178- Ger. 1276. 1. 2. 3 —Ger. 
1272. 4 —Ger. Em. 14* *61—Park. 1503. 2. 
(A small tree with spreading knotty branches. Leaves when young downy 
underneath; stipulas strap-shaped: umbels terminal, sessile, hairy. 
Fruit roundish, an inch in diameter, umbilicated at the top and bottom, 
acid. Branches spreading, more horizontal than in the former species, 
tortuous. FI. Brit. E.) Leaves more circular than those of the preceding 
species. Petals delicately tinged with red on the outside; hloss. very 
beautiful, and slightly fragrant. 
Wild Apple* Tree. Crab Tree. Wilding. (Welsh: Afalunjddeit. 
Gaelic: Ahhal-Jiadhaich. E.) Woods and hedges. T. May.t 
a quarter of an acre, and forming an orchard of itself, having yielded for many years from 
twelve to sixteen hogsheads of Perry. This tree has spread from a succession of layers which 
have rooted and bear fruit. E.) Horses, cows, sheep, and goats eat the leaves, which afford 
nourishment to Papilio polyc'kloros, Phalama Populi, lubricipeda , quercifolia , pudibunda , 
ccerulocephala, Irumata, Pomonella , Aphis Pyri, Chermes Pyri, Mu sea Pyraslri. 
Linn. (A. Tinea, with a caterpillar having a yellowish body and black head, in early spring, 
establishes itself on the under surface of the leaves, in a downy, russet-coloured projection 
over a round excavation in the cuticle and parenchyma. The case in which the caterpil¬ 
lar resides is composed of silk, spun from its mouth, almost as soon as it is excluded 
from the egg. This little tent is preserved in a perpendicular position by silken threads, 
and is moved from one part of the leaf to another, the inner eating away the space 
immediately beneath it. When these little creatures abound to the great injury of Pear- 
trees, every leaf will be found bristled with them, and covered with little specks, the 
vestiges of their former repasts.—Other curious details may be found in “ Entomology” by 
Kirby and Spence, vol.i. 461. The leaves are also, in their decaying state, subject to the 
parasitic fungus, JEcicliurn cancellatum , with “capsules conical, red brown; at length 
splitting, forming a tuft of whitish, permanent threads, cohering at their apex.” This 
fungus first appears in small, black, rough spots, on the upper side of the leaves, on ati 
orange-coloured ground. Sowerby. 40.9.410; and similarly situated may likewise be 
observed, though not so commonly, Ei'ineum Pyrinium, in broad oblong patches, changing 
from white to rust colour. E.) 
* (From the Celsic Api, whence Teutonic Apfel, and English Apple. E.) 
*|- The Crab-tree flourishes better on declivities and in shady places, than in open exposures 
or boggy lands. Grass and even corn will grow beneath it. It is much used as a stock, on which 
to ingraft the better kinds of apples; because its roots are neither killed by frost nor eaten 
by field mice. The bark affords a yellow' dye. The w r ood is tolerably hard ; it turns very 
clean, and w-hen made into cogs for wheels, obtains a polish, and wears a long time. The 
acid juice of the fruit is called Verjuice, and is applicable to recent sprains, and other cases 
as an astringent or repellent. With a proper addition of sugar it is probable that a very 
grateful liquor might be made with the juice, little inferior to Old Hock. Horses, cows, 
sheep, and goats eat it; swine are very fond of the fruit. Linn. Phalcena dispar, Populi % 
Fascelina , Chrysorrheea, Pd, Qporana brumata, Pomonella , Monacha ; Aphis Mali; and 
Scarabeeus Hordeola feed upon it. (Of Cyder large quantities are made in Herefordshire^ 
Devonshire, part of Worcestershire, Somersetshire, and Gloucestershire, in a soil of deep, 
clay. The stronger sorts, as the Styre Cyder, will bear exportation to the East and West 
Indies. The Cyder Apple-trees were originally brought from Normandy, and it is supposed 
that the liquor would now be improved by a fresh importation. A simple method of forcing 
barren trees to bear fruit has, according to Dr. Noehden, been practised with success ia 
Germany, and though perhaps more generally adapted to wall trees, may occasionally be 
applied to standards. At the budding season, make two circular incisions a quarter 
of an inch apait, quite through the outer and inner bark of the branches you intend to 
force. Remove the intervening ring of bark, leaving the. w'ood bare. By this process the 
fruit will be increased both in size and quantity, Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S«. 
