SYNGENESIA. . iEQUALIS. Arctium. $05 
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CICHO^IUM.* Receptacle somewhat chaffy: Ctffy^double: 
Down chaffy, (shorter than the seeds. E.) 
C. in'tybus. Flowers in pairs, sessile': leaves notched. 
E. Bot. 539. E .)—FL Dan. 907 — Woodv. 248— Curt. 241— Blackid. 177 —« 
Wale. — Dod. 635— Lob. Obs. 114. 1, and Ic. i. 228. 2=— Ger. Em. 284. I— 
Park. 776. 2— H. Ox. vii. 1, row 2. 2— -Fuchs. 679 — J. B.'ii. 1008— 
Trag. 272— Lonic . i. 94. 1— Ger. 235. 10— Matth. 503. 
Stem angular, (two to three feet high, upright, straight. Boot spindle- 
shaped, fleshy, white. E.) Stern-leaves spear-shaped, amplexicaul, toothed 
towards the base, fringed with bristly hairs terminating in globules. 
Flowers axillary to the upper leaves, only open during the middle of the 
day. Calyx , outer, scales six, reflexed, about half as long as those of the 
inner, set on the outside and edges with whitish'hairs bearing small 
globules; inner, scales membranous, .set along the back with similar 
hairs, woolly at the ends. Blossom, of a fine blue, (sometimes white, 
E.); individuals with five or six semi-transparent lines, a little woolly on 
the outside. Cylinder of anthers striped blue and white. Germen, edge 
with little teeth. Summits blue. Seeds oblong, quadrangular, crowned 
with a small greenish cup edged with numerous white * teeth. Chaff 
short, spear-shaped. • 
Wild Succory, (Cichory, E.) or Endive. (W elsh : Ysgallen y meirch. 
E.) Borders of corn-fields. P. July—Aug.f 
AEC'TIUM.J Calyx globose: scales with hooked points, bent 
inwards. 
A. lap'pa. Leaves heart-shaped, without thorns, on leaf-stalks. 
( E. Bot. 1228. E.)— Kniph . 3— Ludw. 106— Curt. 238— Woodv. 15— 
Matth. 1154— Lob. Obs. 318. 2, and Ic. i. 588. 1— Ger. 664. 1— Park. 
1223. I—Dod. 38 —Lob. Obs. 318. 1, and Ic. i. 587. 2— Ger. Em. 8Q9.1 — 
Pet. 23. 1— Fuchs. 72— J. B. iii. 570— Trag. 837— Blackw. 117. 1— H. 
Ox. vii. 32. 1— Lonic. i. 64. 2. 
Leaves, the lower on long leaf-stalks, waved at the edges; the upper egg- 
spear-shaped. Woodw. Stems reddish. Stems and leaves with short 
* (Pliny traces this name to an Egyptian origin. Ey the Greeks it was sometimes 
written xixopeiov, whence among the simple fare of Horace, 
-- “ Me pascunt olivae. 
Me Cichorea, levesque Malvee.” E.) 
+ The leaves, when blanched, are eaten early in the spring in salads. They lose their 
bitterness by cultivation, (but the kind more generally adopted for horticultural purposes is 
C. Endivia , an exotic, and little more than annual, species. E.) The roots, gathered 
before the stem shoots up, are eatable, -and-, when dried, will make bread. Sheep, goats, 
and swine eat it. Cows and horses refuse it. (The root dried and ground to powder will 
improve coffee, and is frequently drunk therewith, especially in Germany, where it is 
prepared in cakes, and sold for that purpose.—In Moscow, and generally throughout 
Russia, it is used, when roasted, as a substitute for tea and coffee.—The cultivated variety, 
when sown in drills, is productive, but the stems being hard, render it unfit for provender. 
Indeed, agriculturally considered, it is, like several other beautiful plants, little better than 
a troublesome weed. Medicinally, it has been admitted into the Dispensatory as an 
aperient, detergent, and attenuant, but probably with no very, active virtues. E.) 
$ (From apxTos , a bear; from the .roughness of its globular heads.—Respecting the 
etymon of the old generic term Lappa , Ray observes, “ Dici potest vel cbro tS huSelv, pre- 
hendere $ vel c M ra kan-luv, i, .e, latubere j quod preefereuntiuni vestibus adheereat.” jE.) 
