TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Dipsacus. 215 
(RADFOLA. Pet. four: Caps, of eight cells and eight valves : 
Cal. of one leaf, in twelve segments. E.) 
TILLiE'A. (See Triandria Trigynia.) 
POTAMOGE 7 TON. Bloss. none: Cal. four-leaved: Seeds 
four ; sessile. 
RUPTIA. Bloss. none : Cal. none : Seeds four; pedicellate. 
QHolosteum umbeilatum.] 
MONOGYNIA. 
DIP'SACUS.* Cal. common many-leaved ; proper superior, of 
one leaf: Receptacle chaffy, spinous. 
1). fullo'num. Leaves sessile ; serrated; chaff reflexed. 
{E. Bot. 2080. E.)— FI. Dan. 965 — Kniph. 12 — Tourn.265 — Fuchs. 224— 
Trag. 847— J. B. iii. 73 — Matth. 661 — Dod. 735. 1 — Lob. Obs. 487.1 — 
Ger. Em. 1167. 1 — Park. 984. 1 — H. Ox. vii. 36. 1 — Zanon. 68. 
{Stem about five feet high, angular, and prickly. Leaves large, oblong, 
spear-shaped, combined at the base, jagged, with prickly ribs. Flowers 
in oval heads, purplish, numerous, small. Scales of the Receptacle hook¬ 
ed, and much harder than those of D. sylvestris. E.) 
(About hedges and rude uncultivated spots; but whether ever found really 
wild in Britain appears doubtful. Sir J. E. Smith suspects the specific 
difference between this and D. sylvestris; and appears almost satisfied 
that D. laciniatus of Linnoeus is only a variety of D. fullonum. E.) 
Fuller’s Teasel. Manured Teasel. {D. fullonum. Linn. Syst. Veg. 
Willd. Sm. Hook. E.) D. fullonum /3. Linn. Sp. PI. Huds. 
B. July.t 
* (From fo^oico, to be thirsty ; in allusion to the leaves forming cavities capable of 
containing water. E.) 
t It is cultivated for the use of clothiers, who employ the heads with crooked awns 
to raise the nap upon woollen cloths, as kerseymeres, &c. For this purpose they 
are fixed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is made to turn round 
whilst the cloth is held against them. The plant, flowers in June and July, and the 
heads are collected in August. (They are sorted in bundles, the large heads being 
called kings, the next size middlings, and the smallest minikins. Thus do they come 
ready sized to the fulling-mills. When the seeds are ripe the heads are fit for cut¬ 
ting. They are much cultivated in the Keynsham Hundred of Somersetshire ; also on 
the Gloucestershire side of Bristol. An acre will produce about 160 bushels, worth about 
one shilling each. The Journal of a Naturalist affords an interesting history of the Teasel, 
whence we learn it was probably introduced by some of the numerous foreign artisans, 
who have at various times sought refuge here, or been encouraged to settle in England. 
Our woollen manufactory could scarcely have made any progress without this plant. 
The manufactory of cloth was carried on in England during the reign of Richard I. ; but 
it was not until after the tenth of Edward III., that the Teasel was cultivated to any ex¬ 
tent with us: for about that time the exportation of English wool was prohibited, and 
the wearing of foreign cloth opposed by government. Flemish artisans were then en¬ 
couraged to settle here, with every liberty and protection to carry on their trade, as an 
incorporate body ; and particular towns began to furnish peculiar colours—Kendal^ its 
green—Coventry, its blue—Bristol, its ved, and from this period we may date the 
