PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Rhamnus. 323 
Woolpit Wood, near Bury. Sir T. G. Cullum. Common near Copgrove, 
and other places in Yorkshire. Rev. J. Dalton, ditto. About Bidford; 
Purton: and Radford, Warwickshire; Perry. In hedges near Wern, in 
Llandegfan, Anglesey. Welsh Bot. About Dumfries. Mr. Yalden. 
Hook. Scot. Woods and hedges near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Side of a 
brook near Hanley Castle, Worcestershire. Mr. Ballard. In Shropshire, 
common. E.) S. April—May.* 
R. Fran'gula. Without thorns: (flowers all perfect: style simple: 
leaves very entire, smooth: berry with two seeds. E.) 
Kniph. 5 — E. Bot. 250— Ludw. 82— Blackw. 152— FI- Dan. 2T8— Matth. 
1271— Ger. 1286— Lob. Obs. 594. 2— Park. ZkO—Dod. 784. 1— Ger. Em. 
1470—-*/. B. i. 560. 2 —Trag. 981— Lob. Obs. 594. 1. 
A s.mall shrub ; Jlowers small, two or three together, axillary, on longish 
foot-stalks, whitish green. Berries dark purple. Hook. Blossom with 
five clefts. Summit cloven. The inner bark is yellow; the outer sea 
green, and the middle bark red as blood. Linn. Berry with three cells. 
Scop. 
Berry-bearing Alder. Alder Buckthorn. Woods and wet hedges. 
Woods, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. Wood at Smethwick, near Birming¬ 
ham. Stokes. Hedges at Pendeford, near Wolverhampton. Mr. Pitt. 
Landsmouth Wood, four miles north of Knayton, Yorkshire. Mr. Flin- 
toff. Cotcliffe Wood, near Burrowby. Mr. Robson. (About Tavistock. 
Rev. J. Pike Jones. Woods at Hatton, near Warwick. Perry. Cullum- 
wood, near Auchincruive, Ayrshire. Mr. Smith. Hook. Scot. E.) 
S. April—May.f 
* An aperient syrup prepared from the berries is kept in the shops. About an ounce of 
it is a moderate dose; but it generally occasions so much sickness and violent action that it is 
falling into disuse. The flesh of birds that feed upon the berries is said to be purgative. 
The juice of the unripe berries is of the colour of saffron, and is used for staining maps or 
paper. These are sold under the name of French Berrien , (of which the better kind is pro¬ 
duced by R. infectorius , and imported from the Levant. E.) The juice of the ripe berries 
mixed with alum, is the sap green of the painters, (verde-vessie of the French. E.) ; but 
late in the autumn the juice becomes purple. The bark affords a beautiful yellow dye. Goats, 
sheep, and horses browse upon this shrub. Cows refuse it. (Though commonly but a mode¬ 
rate sized shrub, Buckthorn has been known to attain the height of nearly twenty feet, and 
the diameter of one foot. Phil.Tr. v. xlvi. (The blossoms are particularly grateful to bees, 
and the leaves are voraciously devoured by goats: observations which apply to both the 
species. E.) 
+ From a quarter to half an ounce of the inner bark, boiled in small beer, is a drastic 
aperient. In dropsies, or constipations of the bowels of cattle, it is a sure cathartic. The 
berries gathered before they are ripe dye wool green. The bark dyes yellow, and, with 
preparations^ iron, black. Charcoal prepared from the wood of either species is preferred 
by the makers of fine gunpowder. Papilio Rhamni and Argus live upon both species. 
(After some remarks on the predominance of yellow in our wild and cultured spring 
flowers, the author of Journ. Nat. observes, 
“The very first butterfly, that will aloft repair, 
And sport, and flutter in the fields of air,” 
is the sulphur butterfly, ( Gonepteryx Rhamni ,) which, in the bright sunny mornings of 
March, we so often see under the warm hedge, or by the side of some sheltered copse, 
undulating, and vibrating like the petal of a primrose in the breeze.” And here, without 
deviating into another province, we may be permitted to trace the analogy of nature, both 
in the animal and vegetable creation ; more especially as typical of doctrines the most 
momentous. The voice of inspiration refers us to the miracles of the vegetable kingdom ; 
and with reverence ought we to inquire, who deposited the little plantule in the body of the 
