510 OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. Rhodiola. 
egg-spear-shaped, and in the younger plants spear-shaped; upwards 
distantly serrated, towards the base very entire, fleshy, sea-green, some¬ 
times tipped with purple. Stamens much longer than the blossom. 
Styles very short, pointing outwards, permanent. Root white, large, 
woody. Blossoms terminal, yellow. Habit that of Sedum Telephium .* 
Yellow Rose-wort. Rose-root. (Gaelic: Lus-nan-laogh. E.) Moun¬ 
tains of Westmoreland, Cumberland, Yorkshire, and Wales. (On the 
summits of the Highland mountains. Western coast of Ireland, and the 
shores of the Hebrides. E.) On a rock on the summit of Ingleborough, 
a mixture of saliva from their bodies, and moulded into combs.” From Barbut we learn 
that of Cynips quercus folii a single one is produced in each gall, (made by puncture and 
extravasation). Instead of the Cynips , a larger insect sometimes issues from the gall, an 
Ichneumon , a parasite, neither the original inmate nor constructor of the gall, but whose 
mother deposited her egg in the yet tender gall, which when hatched, brings forth a larva 
that devours the larva of the Cynips , and comes out when it has undergone its metamorphosis, 
and acquires its wings.—On opening these leaf-galls, which are properly the habitation 
only of one animal, it is common to find two, the stronger preying upon the body of the 
other, and sucking its juices as it does those of the leaf; often it is found employed 
in devouring its unoffending neighbour at once ; this is probably the case when its time of 
eating is nearly over; and, in fine, when we find the gall inhabited only by one insect, we 
are never certain that this is the proper inhabitant, as it may be one of these destroyers who 
has eaten up the other, and supplied its place. The Oak Puceronhunes itself in the clefts of 
the bark, and feeds securely beneath it. It is nearly as large as a house-fly, and when it 
inclines to such a part of the tree just before it, it draws up and contracts its trunk, till it 
brings it to a proper length and direction. The extremity of this trunk adheres so firmly to 
the wood, that when pulled away, it frequently detaches a small piece with it. Ants pursue 
these creatures, (attracted by their saccharine egesta), and are sure indicators of their 
proximity. Cynips quercus gemmce , a green fly, deposits its eggs in the Oak buds, which 
produces one of the finest galls, leafed like an unexpanded rose-rbud, sometimes an inch in 
diameter, and attached to the branch by a pedicel. Silpha quadripunctata frequents 
the roots in winter, and the foliage in summer. Few individual plants afford so di¬ 
versified a treat to the Entomologist, as, among others connected with the Oak tree, 
will be found Lycus minutus , Telephones minimus, Tillus elongatus , Silpha quadri - 
maculata, Circulio argentatus , Clythra quadripunctata , Ledra aurata, Thecla Quer- 
cus, Bisten prodromarius, Tortrix fimbriana , and Fagana, Noctua fuscata, sponsa, 
fimbria, geminata, and fumaria, Cassida nobilis, Notodonta tritopha, Camelina and per- 
fus cus, Callimorpha Cassima&nd rosea , Balaninus tenuirostris, Chrysomela decem-punc- 
tata , Clytra quadri-punctata, Sphterosoma Quercus, Livia (Aphis') Quercus, L. (Coccus) 
Quercus , Liparis Monacha , Bombyx Dodoncea, and Quercea, Apatura Iris , Tortrix viri - 
dana , and Xylosteana , Lithosia. antiqua , Apoda Testicdo. Phalcena (noctua) Chrysuceras , 
spins its web among the leaves, within which it produces the pupa. Cerambyces penetrate 
into the solid timber in all directions; none more formidable than C. coriarius. Fora 
curious account of the destruction of navy timber by Cantharis navalis , and an effectual 
remedy, vid. Linn. Tr. vol. v. 251. Several minute parasitic Fungi also infest the Oak : viz. 
Sphteria Quercina , compound, convex, rust-coloured, orbicular: on the dead branches, 
Jan. Phacidium coronatum, scattered, at first resembling a plane black circular spot; at 
length bursting in the centre, the segments becoming erect and slightly revolute: disk 
pale greenish or yellowish. Grev. Scot. Crypt. 52. Sowerby 118. Batsch 152 .—Erineum 
griseum , on the lower surface of the leaf, remarkably gregarious, at first like a purplish 
stain; then assuming a grey and velvety appearance; peridia excessively minute and 
numerous, club-shaped : Grew Scot. Crypt. 141 .—Hysterium varium, superficial, linear, 
oblong or roundish, obtuse, black; margins obtuse, at length open; variable inform, 
rarely more than a line in length, sometimes considerably elevated. Grev. Scot. Crypt. 233. 
Sphxria punctiformis also on the leaves. At least twenty different species of Aphis have 
each their peculiar tree ; among others we find Aphis Querci concealed under the bark. E.) 
* (Dahl is said to have frequently found this plant with perfect flowers, and would refer 
it to the genus Sedum : with which it agrees in. every thing but the number of its parts. E.) 
