152 
DE. HICKS-PEE -HISTOEIC MAH IK BEIT AIK. 
features in the northern hemisphere mainly date from that time. 
The great change which took place at the close of the Secondary 
era, known as the age of Great Reptiles, brought with it animals 
(Mammalia) far more closely allied to those of the present day than 
any which had preceded them, consequently the Tertiary is known 
as the age of Mammals. During the latter period, however, there 
were very considerable geographical and climatic changes, beginning 
with a tropical and subtropical, and ending with a cold climate. 
Towards the close of the Tertiary era much of the floor of the 
sea, which then extended at some points from the Atlantic to the 
Indian Ocean, was upheaved, so that its consolidated strata were 
bent into those mighty earth-wrinkles which now constitute our 
grandest mountain-chains. The limestone of the Middle Tertiary 
was lifted up in the Alps to 10,000 feet above sea-level, and in the 
mountains of Thibet to heights of at least 13,500 feet. A great 
fringe of volcanoes stretched in an almost continuous band from 
Central Trance through the Rhine provinces to Bohemia and the 
Eastern Carpathians. The Rocky-Mountain ranges in America, 
like those of the Alps, underwent their last upheaval also at this 
time. England was joined to the continent, and to Ireland, and a 
belt of land probably stretched northward from Scotland to Iceland 
and Greenland, and the latter was also connected with America. 
Britain stood at this time between 2000 and 3000 feet higher out 
of the sea than it does now, while some of the mountains of Wales 
and Scotland lifted their crests 8000 or 9000 feet above the sea-level 
of the period. Gradually the country became covered by ice and 
snow, until at last it assumed the condition now witnessed in the 
Arctic and Antarctic regions. 
It may be of interest to note that, in addition to the animals 
already referred to, large apes occupied, at an early part of the 
period, the forests of Erance, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy, but 
there is no satisfactory evidence to show that man lived there at an 
equally early date. So far as the evidence goes, it seems to indicate 
that apes disappeared from Europe towards the close of the Tertiary 
era ; their gradual southern retreat and final extermination in 
Europe being, in the opinion of Prof. Boyd Dawkins, probably 
due to the lowering of the temperature by the gradual change in 
climate. If man appeared in Europe in company with the early 
Tertiary Mammalia, as did the apes, from some eastern or southern 
source, he would doubtless have remained until the close of that 
era, deer and other animals suitable as food for him still being 
present in great abundance. Hitherto, however, no decided relics 
of man have been found in the recognized deposits of this period. 
When we first meet with evidences of man in the succeeding 
deposits, we find clear proof that, though in what must be con¬ 
sidered a savage condition, he was far from being in his rudest 
state. He was evidently a hunter and a fisher, and probably 
clothed himself in the skins of animals which he slew, for we find 
that he used bone needles, as well as ornaments with which he 
decorated himself. TJnlike the tropical savage, who requires to 
