40 
H. G. FORDHAM—ON BOULDERS 
I notice the condition of this valley in order to enforce my general 
conclusions as to the washing-out and deepening of the valleys of 
this district, which I assume to have taken place since the depo¬ 
sition of the boulder-clays. 
The ditch which runs along the bottom of this valley drains off 
the boulder-clays on the main ridge of the chalk hills between 
Kelshall and Wallington. At several points in its course there are 
shallow workings for gravel and flints adjoining its present hanks. 
One of these workings, in the parish of Sandon, gives the following 
section (marked D on the map). 
]. Subsoil—dark, chocolate - coloured clay, with rolled 
pebbles and angular flints . 1ft. 
2. Rubble—almost exclusively chalk-pebbles in a slightly 
sandy or chalky matrix, with many broken, angular 
white and blue flints, and a few small boulder-clay 
pebbles. But few whole flints.. 2ft. 
There is generally a vein of light brown sandy chalk rubble at 
the top. In many places the gravel consists almost entirely of 
fragmentary flints. A few sandstone boulders, one 1ft. by Sin. 
by If-in., and others smaller, have been exposed. The base of the 
pit consists of very irregular, hard, consolidated rubble. 
Similar workings in the valley between Clay Bush Hill and 
Bygrave give a very similar section (marked E on the map). My 
notes are as follows : — 
1. Grey, marly subsoil .. 1ft. to 2ft. 
2. Chalky rubble, with sandy veins * . oft. 6ins. 
Another section at the same point gives : 
1. Subsoil with a clayey band at bottom . 3ft. 
2. Sandy bed. 
The bottom of these pits is generally very uneven. The following 
larger fragments have been noted : — 
1. Hard, dark block of (?) quartz or hard limestone, of irregu¬ 
lar shape, rounded, and with smoothed surface 15ins. by 11 |ins. by 8ins. 
2. Sandstone slab . 13ins. by 8|ins. by 2ins. 
3. Slab of white sandstone, angles very slightly rounded (one 
end broken off) .. 16ins. by 14ins. by 2|ins. 
* At one point this bed is divisible as follows :—Sandy rubble for about a foot 
at top ; then whitish chalk-rubble, the only distinction between these two being 
the addition of a little reddish sand to the upper bed. The materials of these 
beds consist of about one-half sub-angular and rounded, white, chalk-flints ; the 
rest sandy particles, small rolled chalk-pebbles (abundant), about the size of 
larks’ eggs, and small fragments of flints. 
Since this paper was written the remains of a horse have been exposed in this 
section at the depth of a little more than four feet, in undisturbed gravel. The 
section shows, (1) Subsoil Ijft., (2) Chalk rubble and flints 3^;ft., and (3) an 
irregular band of greyish marl, in some places a foot thick; its limits are defined 
here and there by a thin ferruginous band, and in some parts it is marked with 
dark stains. The whole length of this band of marl is 6|ft. At one end 
fragments of bones from the jaw and head, and teeth are exposed. Below to the 
bottom of the section there is (4) about l|ft. of rubble. 
